Table 2.
Comparison of dietary intakes estimated from 4-day food diaries at baseline and following intervention, together with biomarkers of compliance on treatment, compared with targets for the dietary guidelines group
| Target$ | Baseline | DG | CON | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 137 | n = 72 | n = 65 | ||
| Total fat (% food energy) | ≤35 | 35.7 ± 5.9 | 34.0 ± 5.3* | 37.7 ± 5.3 |
| SFA (% food energy) | <11 | 12.1 ± 3.3 | 7.7 ± 1.8* | 15.0 ± 2.8 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 0.85 | 3.0 ± 0.77* | 3.3 ± 0.78 | |
| NMES (% food energy) | <11 | 9.7 ± 4.4 | 7.1 ± 4.0* | 9.4 ± 3.8 |
| 24-h urinary sucrose and fructose (μmol/24 h) | 41 (33, 50) | 28 (21, 38)* | 56 (43, 73) | |
| Wholegrains (servings/day) | ≥2 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.36* | 1.0 ± 1 |
| Plasma alkylresorcinol (nmol/L) | 75 (66, 85) | 87 (74, 102)* | 64 (53, 78) | |
| Oily fish (servings/week) | ≥1 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.56* | 0.2 ± 0.3 |
| Erythrocyte 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3 (wt%) | 7.1 ± 2.2 | 8.0 ± 2.4* | 6.7 ± 2.1 | |
| Fruit and vegetables (servings/day) | ≥5 | 5 ± 3 | 7 ± 3* | 5 ± 3 |
| 24-h urinary potassium (mmol/day) | 83 ± 29 | 86 ± 30 | 81 ± 22 | |
| Sodium intake (mmol/day) | <100 | 142 ± 53 | 84 ± 83* | 152 ± 59 |
| 24-h urinary Na excretion (mmol/day) | 125 ± 55 | 80 ± 39* | 133 ± 55 |
Mean values ± SD or geometric mean (95 % CI)
There were no statistical differences between DG and CON at baseline
DG dietary guidelines, NMES non-milk extrinsic sugars
* Significant difference from control P < 0.01; two-sample t test
$140 g oily fish = 1 serving; 30 g wholegrains = 1 serving; 80 g fruit or vegetable = 1 serving