Table 1.
Effects of plant sterol or plant stanol consumption on plasma carotenoid, fat-soluble vitamin, lipid and lipoprotein concentrations
| n (strata) | Unit | Baseline concentrationa | Concentration after PS interventionb | Absolute change versus placebo | Relative change versus placebo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrocarbon carotenoids | ||||||
| β-Carotene | 53 | µmol/L | 0.60 (0.54; 0.67) | 0.52 (0.46; 0.57) | −0.08 (−0.09; −0.07)1 | −16.3 (−18.3; −14.3)1 |
| 54 | µmol/mmolTC | 0.10 (0.09; 0.11) | 0.09 (0.08; 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.01; −0.01)1 | −10.1 (−12.3; −8.0)1 | |
| α-Carotene | 38 | µmol/L | 0.19 (0.15; 0.24) | 0.18 (0.14; 0.22) | −0.02 (−0.02; −0.01)1 | −14.4 (−17.5; −11.3)1 |
| 37 | µmol/mmolTC | 0.03 (0.03; 0.04) | 0.03 (0.02; 0.04) | 0.00 (0.00; 0.00)1 | −7.8 (−11.3; −4.3)1 | |
| Lycopene | 42 | µmol/L | 0.57 (0.49; 0.65) | 0.54 (0.45; 0.63) | −0.04 (−0.04; −0.03)1 | −12.3 (−14.6; −10.1)1 |
| 41 | µmol/mmolTC | 0.10 (0.08; 0.11) | 0.10 (0.08; 0.11) | 0.00 (−0.01; 0.00)1 | −6.3 (−8.6; −4.0)1 | |
| Oxygenated carotenoids | ||||||
| Lutein | 23 | µmol/L | 0.38 (0.31; 0.45) | 0.34 (0.29; 0.40) | −0.02 (−0.03; −0.01)1 | −7.4 (−10.1; −4.8)1 |
| 22 | µmol/mmolTC | 0.06 (0.05; 0.07) | 0.06 (0.05; 0.07) | 0.00 (0.00; 0.00) | −1.5 (−4.6; 1.6) | |
| Zeaxanthin | 13 | nmol/L | 63.90 (52.22; 75.57) | 55.39 (45.13; 65.65) | −7.81 (−11.09; −4.53)1 | −12.9 (−18.9; −6.8)1 |
| 12 | nmol/mmolTC | 10.72 (8.34; 13.09) | 9.78 (7.74; 11.81) | −0.70 (−1.20; −0.21)2 | −7.7 (−13.8; −1.7)3 | |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 17 | µmol/L | 0.28 (0.22; 0.35) | 0.26 (0.20; 0.32) | −0.03 (−0.04; −0.02)1 | −10.6 (−14.3; −6.9)1 |
| 16 | µmol/mmolTC | 0.05 (0.04; 0.06) | 0.05 (0.04; 0.06) | 0.00 (0.00; 0.00)3 | −4.8 (−8.7; −0.95) | |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | ||||||
| α-Tocopherol | 55 | µmol/L | 35.76 (33.63; 37.89) | 33.16 (31.27; 35.06) | −2.43 (−2.81; −2.05)1 | −7.1 (−8.0; −6.2)1 |
| 54 | µmol/mmolTC | 5.91 (5.63; 6.18) | 5.92 (5.63; 6.20) | −0.01 (−0.06; 0.03) | −0.3 (−1.1; 0.5) | |
| γ-Tocopherol | 22 | µmol/L | 3.00 (2.55; 3.46) | 2.91 (2.39; 3.43) | −0.17 (−0.24; −0.11)1 | −6.9 (−9.8; −3.9)1 |
| 21 | µmol/mmolTC | 0.51 (0.42; 0.60) | 0.53 (0.43; 0.64) | 0.00 (−0.01; 0.01) | 0.2 (−3.2; 3.6) | |
| Retinol | 46 | µmol/L | 2.65 (2.14; 3.16) | 2.50 (2.08; 2.91) | −0.02 (−0.04; 0.00) | −0.8 (−1.8; 0.2) |
| Vitamin D | 28 | nmol/L | 57.56 (51.47; 63.65) | 57.95 (51.10; 64.80) | −0.45 (−0.91; 1.81) | 1.4 (−1.7; 4.4) |
| Lipid and lipoproteins | ||||||
| TC | 63 | mmol/L | 5.96 (5.80; 6.12) | 5.54 (5.39; 5.69) | −0.39 (−0.42; −0.36)1 | −6.5 (−7.1; −6.0)1 |
| LDL-C | 64 | mmol/L | 3.87 (3.72; 4.01) | 3.50 (3.36; 3.64) | −0.35 (−0.38; −0.32)1 | −9.0 (−9.8; −8.2)1 |
| HDL-C | 62 | mmol/L | 1.44 (1.40; 1.48) | 1.43 (1.38; 1.48) | 0.00 (−0.00; 0.01) | 0.2 (−0.4; 0.7) |
| TAG | 60 | mmol/L | 1.37 (1.30; 1.43) | 1.30 (1.23; 1.37) | −0.06 (−0.08; −0.04)1 | −4.6 (−6.0; −3.2)1 |
Expressed as means (95 % CI)
HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, PS plant sterols or plant stanols, TC total cholesterol, TAG triacylglycerol
1 P < 0.0001; 2 P < 0.01; 3 P < 0.05
aFor parallel studies, the weighted average baseline concentrations were calculated based on the baseline concentrations in the active and placebo groups and for crossover studies, the end-of-intervention concentrations of the placebo periods were used
bFor parallel studies, the weighted average concentrations after PS intervention were calculated based on the concentrations after PS intervention in the active groups and for crossover studies, the end-of-intervention concentrations of the active periods were used