Table 1.

Overview on major mouse models of Graves’ disease with a focus on cardiac involvement and orbitopathy

Approach	Hyperthyroidism	Cardiac changes	Orbitopathy	Reference
Cells which stably express TSHR
Transfected fibroblast model	About 25 %	n/d	n/d	[4]
Recombinant dendritic cells	Low incidence	n/d	n/d	[5]
TSHR DNA (plasmid) administration
Intramuscular injection	17 %	n/d	Yes	[69]
Intramuscular injection w/ G2 plasmid	None	n/d	Yes	[70]
Electroporation, follow-up 3 months	High incidence	n/d	Yes	[8, 9, 20]
Electroporation, follow-up 9 months	High incidence	n/d	n/d	[10]
Adenovirus encoding TSHR (A domain)
Up to three immunisations over 4 months	25–70 %	n/d	No	[3, 6, 7, 11, 12]
Up to three immunisations, follow-up 20 weeks	No/low incidence	n/d	No	[13]
Nine immunisations over 9 months	High incidence	Yes	Yes	[15]
				+ Data shown here

n/d not determined/not reported