Table 2.
Associations between structural stigma, population size, and sexual minority men’s odds of bisexual or heterosexual attraction, behavior, and identity: European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS)
| Odds of bisexual or heterosexual identity (vs. gay/homosexual identity), n = 150,539 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
||||
| AOR | 95% CI | p | AOR | 95% CI | p | |
| Structural stigma | 1.35 | 1.19, 1.54 | < .001 | 1.39 | 1.22, 1.58 | < .001 |
| Small settlement size | 1.62 | 1.51, 1.74 | < .001 | 1.59 | 1.49, 1.71 | < .001 |
| Structural stigma * small town | -- | -- | -- | 0.94 | 0.87, 1.02 | .160 |
|
| ||||||
|
Odds of bisexual or heterosexual behavior (vs. exclusively homosexual behavior) (past 12 months), n = 154,250
| ||||||
| Variable |
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
||||
| AOR | 95% CI | p | AOR | 95% CI | p | |
|
| ||||||
| Structural stigma | 1.33 | 1.20, 1.47 | < .001 | 1.37 | 1.24, 1.52 | < .001 |
| Small settlement size | 1.49 | 1.39, 1.60 | < .001 | 1.45 | 1.36, 1.55 | < .001 |
| Structural stigma * small town | -- | -- | -- | 0.92 | 0.84, 0.99 | .043 |
|
| ||||||
|
Odds of bisexual or heterosexual attraction (vs. exclusively/mostly homosexual attraction), n = 163,108
| ||||||
| Variable |
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
||||
| AOR | 95% CI | p | AOR | 95% CI | p | |
|
| ||||||
| Structural stigma | 1.18 | 1.04, 1.35 | .015 | 1.26 | 1.11, 1.44 | .001 |
| Small settlement size | 1.50 | 1.37, 1.65 | < .001 | 1.45 | 1.34, 1.57 | < .001 |
| Structural stigma * small town | -- | -- | -- | 0.86 | 0.79, 0.93 | .001 |
Note: All models were adjusted for age, relationship status, HIV status, education, employment status, immigration status, and country-level income inequality. Model 2 includes interaction term, structural stigma*settlement size. AOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval