Table 1.

Characteristics of States and State Hospital Discharge Data

Characteristic	California	Colorado	New York
Years available and included in this study	2003–2009	1998–2009	1998–2009
Number of payer fields in hospital discharge data	1	1	3
Percentage of dischargesa with any E‐code	94.3%	99.5%	100.0%
Percentage of dischargesa with any E849.X code	87.6%	83.3%	78.4%
Of dischargesa billed to WC, percentage with an E849.3 code	46.4%	35.9%	31.0%
Of dischargesa with an E849.3 code, percentage billed to WC	65.2%	67.1%	64.2%
Of dischargesa without an E849.3 code, percentage billed to WC	2.0%	3.2%	3.2%
Percent share of WC benefits paid in 2009 by insurer type
State fund	17.3%	43.6%	26.4%
Private insurance carriers	51.7%	27.8%	43.3%
Self‐insured employers	31.1%	28.6%	30.2%

^aAfter application of all inclusion/exclusion criteria except for presence of E849.3.

WC, workers' compensation.