. 2016 May 3;52(2):763–785. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12500

Table 3.

Odds of Industrial Injury Hospitalizations Being Billed to Payers Other Than Workers' Compensation (Logistic Regression Models)

Characteristic	California (N = 21,809)			Colorado (N = 5,739)			New York (N = 19,764)
Characteristic	OR	95% CI	p‐value	OR	95% CI	p‐value	OR	95% CI	p‐value
Unadjusted model
Year (annual trend)	1.047	1.032, 1.063	<.001	1.036	1.019, 1.052	<.001	0.993	0.985, 1.002	.11
Adjusted model
Year (annual trend)	1.036	1.020, 1.051	<.001	1.029	1.013, 1.046	.001	0.982	0.974, 0.991	<.001
Gender
Male	1.000	Reference	.43	1.000	Reference	.48	1.000	Reference	.12
Female	1.033	0.952, 1.123	.43	0.939	0.788, 1.119	.48	1.077	0.981, 1.182	.12
Age
16–24	0.811	0.731, 0.899	<.001	0.730	0.598, 0.890	<.001	1.144	1.028, 1.274	<.001
25–34	0.845	0.774, 0.923		0.875	0.737, 1.040		0.941	0.859, 1.030
35–44	0.967	0.889, 1.051		1.033	0.875, 1.221		0.960	0.880, 1.046
45–54	1.000	Reference		1.000	Reference		1.000	Reference
55–64	0.964	0.876, 1.060		0.958	0.778, 1.181		1.030	0.926, 1.145
65 and older	4.203	3.704, 4.770		3.144	2.416, 4.093		3.546	3.085, 4.076
Race/ethnicity
Non‐Latino White	1.000	Reference	<.001	1.000	Reference	.40	1.000	Reference	<.001
Latino/Hispanic	0.937	0.877, 1.001		0.890	0.770, 1.028		1.460	1.342, 1.589
Black/African‐American	1.322	1.111, 1.574		1.174	0.770, 1.790		1.470	1.329, 1.626
Asian/Pacific Islander	1.380	1.170, 1.627		1.081	0.536, 2.179		2.047	1.715, 2.444
Other/multiple	0.898	0.725, 1.111		0.821	0.557, 1.212		1.537	1.403, 1.685
Unknown/missing	0.902	0.818, 0.993		0.901	0.779, 1.041		1.381	1.168, 1.631
Injury severity
Minor (AIS 1–2)	1.000	Reference	.005	1.000	Reference	.002	1.000	Reference	.16
Severe (AIS 3–6)	1.097	1.028, 1.170	.005	1.213	1.073, 1.372	.002	1.055	0.979, 1.138	.16

AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; OR, odds ratio.