Table 2.
Unadjusted Means and Standard Errors of All Outcomes by Arms and Years
| Outcomes | “0‐1” Arm (n = 1,479) | “0‐0” Arm (n = 3,365) | “1‐0” Arm (n = 1,330) | “1‐1” Arm (n = 2,979) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | Changes in year 2a | Year 1b | Changes in year 2a | Year 1 | Changes in year 2a | Year 1b | Changes in year 2a | |
| Utilization | ||||||||
| No. of doctor visits | 5.0 (0.3) | −0.3 (0.2) | 4.7 (0.1) | −0.4 (0.1)*** | 4.5 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.2) | 4.4 (0.1) | −0.3 (0.1)** |
| No. of ER visits (per 100 children) | 26 (2) | −4 (2) | 25 (1) | −4 (1)** | 19 (1) | 2 (2) | 20 (1) | −4 (1)*** |
| No. of hospital discharges (per 100 children) | 5 (1) | −2 (1)** | 5 (1) | −2 (1)* | 6 (1) | −3 (1)** | 5 (1) | −2 (1)*** |
| Expenditures | ||||||||
| Total | 2,743 (164) | −367 (202) | 2,587 (127) | −670 (151)*** | 2,697 (344) | −605 (332) | 2,634 (158) | −654 (136)*** |
| ER | 147 (15) | 4 (22) | 143 (11) | −45 (14)*** | 124 (16) | 14 (22) | 144 (23) | −48 (24)* |
| Inpatient | 539 (108) | −152 (162) | 482 (115) | −227 (122) | 778 (233) | −466 (247) | 498 (101) | −261 (108)* |
| Doctor visits | 754 (45) | −134 (49)** | 671 (27) | −80 (32)* | 707 (27) | −102 (40)* | 670 (40) | −121 (28)*** |
| Ratings of health care quality | 8.9 (0.04) | 0.4 (0.04)*** | 8.5 (0.03)*** | 0.0 (0.00) | 9.3 (0.03) | −0.3 (0.04)*** | 9.4 (0.02)*** | 0.0 (0.02) |
a
Within each arm, changes in year 2 were tested against 0, that is, no changes.
b
Outcomes in year 1 were compared within two pairs (“0‐0” vs. “0‐1” and “1‐1” vs. “1‐0”).
Significance levels are denoted by ***p < .001, **p < .01, and *p < .05.