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. 2017 Mar 13;8:266. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00266

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-10, and leptin by macrophage/adipocyte coculture stimulated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains. Cytokines/chemokine and leptin concentrations were assayed in supernatants from LAB-stimulated macrophage/adipocyte coculture. Cells were treated for 24 h with bacterial cell suspensions and TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-10 levels were quantified using Cytometric Bead Array Kit and leptin levels, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. LPS was used as a positive control. Non-stimulated cells were evaluated as controls of basal cytokine levels (negative control). The stimulating strains were CRL431, CRL258, CRL1063, CRL66, CRL72, CRL117, CRL1446 CRL1434, CRL350, CRL352, CRL353, CRL355, CRL575, and L. CRL576 strains. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate measures determined in two independent experiments. Mean values in the same graphic with different letters (a–i) were significantly different (P < 0.05). Production levels of (A) TNF-α, (B) IL-6, (C) MCP-1, (D) IL-10, and (E) leptin.