Table 3.

Error coding scheme.

Error type	Definition	Example of error (correct sentence: The woman was lifted by the man)
Correct Unprimed Structure	Unprimed structure, but grammatically and thematically correct (i.e., active for passive or vice versa)	The man was lifting the woman
Role Reversal	Reversal of Agent and Theme	The man was lifted by the woman
Morphosyntactic	Error(s) in verbal morphology; omission, addition, or substitution of by	The woman was lift by the man The woman was lifted the man
Noun Substitution (not otherwise classified as Role Reversal)	Substitution of one or both nouns; same-gender or gender-neutral substitutions (e.g., boy or cashier for man) were not counted as errors, when the identity of the referent was thematically correct	The man was lifted by the man
Verb Substitution	Substitution of the main verb; semantically-appropriate, transitive substitutions were not counted as errors (e.g., carry for lift)	The woman was chased by the man
Incomplete/No Response (NR)/Multiple Errors	Incomplete utterance (omitted N1, V, and/or N2); no response; two or more of the above error types	The woman was … The man was lift the woman