Table 1.
Selective studies on attention or working memory training using neurofeedback (NF) in older and younger adults.
| Publications | Age group | Mean age (Range in years) | Tasks (number of participants) | Neuro-markers | Improvement? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angelakis et al. (2007) | Older adult (H) | 74 (70–78) | Memory, Processing speed; NFT and SNFT (n = 3 each group/condition) | Alpha Frequency | Y (Speed and EF) |
| Lecomte and Juhel (2011) | Older adult (H) | 75.25 (65–85) | Working Memory; NFT and SNFT | Alpha, Theta | Mixed (Memory) |
| Becerra et al. (2012) | Older adult (H) | 65.8 (60–84) | Executive Function + Memory Tasks; NFT and SNFT (n = 7 each) | Theta | Y (WM) |
| Wang and Hsieh (2013) | Young + Older (H) | 21.8 (21–25); 64.6 (61–67) | Attentional Network + Recognition Task; NFT and SNFT (n = 8 each) | Fronto-midline Theta | Y (Attention and WM) |
| Staufenbiel et al. (2014) | Older adult (H) | 67.8 | Intelligence + Memory Task; Beta and Gamma Groups (n = 10 each) | Gamma, Beta | Y (WM) |
| Luijmes et al. (2016) | Older adult (AD) | 64–78 | Cognitive Examination; NFT (n = 10) | Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta | Y (WM) |
| Reis et al. (2016) | Older adult (H) | 65.97 (59.3–72.6) | Working Memory Task; NFT (n = 9), NFCT (n = 8), CT (n = 7), SNFT (n = 6) | Theta, Alpha | Y (WM) |
| Surmeli et al. (2016) | Older adult (AD + VD) | 68.9 (58–79) | EEG-guided NFT (n = 20); within subjects’ design | Inhibit Theta, Alpha, Beta (21–32 Hz) | Y* (MMSE) |
| Egner and Gruzelier (2001) | Young adult (H) | 22.1 | Oddball Task; NFT (n = 22) | P300 ERP, beta1, SMR learning | Y (Attention) |
| Zoefel et al. (2011) | Young adult (H) | 23 (21–26) | Mental Rotation Task; NFT (n = 14), SNF (n = 10) | Upper Alpha Frequency | Y (Mental rotation) |
| Ros et al. (2013) | Adult (H) | 32.6 (22–42) | Attentional and Oddball Tasks; NFT and SNFT (n = 17 each) | fMRI, Alpha frequency | Y (Attention) |
| deBettencourt et al. (2015) | Adult (H) | 20.3 | Selective attention task (superimposed images Figure 1; n = 16 each condition) | Real-time fMRI | Y (Attention) |
H, Healthy participants; LD, Leaning disorder; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; VD, vascular dementia; mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; NFT, neurofeedback training group; SNFT, sham neurofeedback group; CT, cognitive training; NFCT, neurofeedback and cognitive training group; RT, real-time; EF, executive function; WM, working memory; Y*, some of the participants; MMSE, Mini Mental State Exams.