Table 2.
Resistance mechanisms in Acinetobacter baumannii.
| Resistance mechanism | Class/subgroup | Protein | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-Lactamases | Class A | TEM-1 | Chen et al., 2006; Adams et al., 2008; Krizova et al., 2013 |
| TEM-92 | Endimiani et al., 2007 | ||
| GES-1 | Al-Agamy et al., 2016 | ||
| GES-5 | Al-Agamy et al., 2016 | ||
| GES-11 | Moubareck et al., 2009; Bogaerts et al., 2010; Chihi et al., 2016 | ||
| GES-12 | Bogaerts et al., 2010 | ||
| GES-14 | Bogaerts et al., 2010 | ||
| PER-1 | Jeong et al., 2005; Poirel et al., 2005a; Aly et al., 2016 | ||
| PER-2 | Pasteran et al., 2006 | ||
| PER-7 | Bonnin et al., 2011b | ||
| CTX-M-2 | Nagano et al., 2004 | ||
| CTX-M-15 | Potron et al., 2011 | ||
| SCO-1 | Poirel et al., 2007 | ||
| VEB-1 | Fournier et al., 2006; Naas et al., 2006; Pasteran et al., 2006; Adams et al., 2008; Poirel et al., 2009 | ||
| KPC-2 | Martinez et al., 2016 | ||
| KPC-10 | Robledo et al., 2010 | ||
| CARB-4 | Ramirez et al., 2010b | ||
| CARB-10 | Potron et al., 2009 | ||
| Class B | IMP-1 | Tognim et al., 2006 | |
| IMP-2 | Riccio et al., 2000 | ||
| IMP-4 | Chu et al., 2001 | ||
| IMP-5 | Koh et al., 2007 | ||
| IMP-6 | Gales et al., 2003 | ||
| IMP-8 | Lee M. F. et al., 2008 | ||
| IMP-11 | Yamamoto et al., 2011 | ||
| IMP-19 | Yamamoto et al., 2011 | ||
| IMP-24 | Lee M. F. et al., 2008 | ||
| VIM-1 | Tsakris et al., 2006, 2008; Papa et al., 2009 | ||
| VIM-2 | Yum et al., 2002; Lee M. F. et al., 2008 | ||
| VIM-3 | Lee M. F. et al., 2008 | ||
| VIM-4 | Tsakris et al., 2008; Papa et al., 2009 | ||
| VIM-11 | Lee M. F. et al., 2008 | ||
| NDM-1 | Chen et al., 2011; Pfeifer et al., 2011; Bonnin et al., 2012; Voulgari et al., 2016 | ||
| NDM-2 | Espinal et al., 2011 | ||
| NDM-3 | Kumar, 2016 | ||
| SIM-1 | Lee et al., 2005 | ||
| Class C | AmpC | Bou and Martinez-Beltran, 2000; Corvec et al., 2003; Segal et al., 2004; Hujer et al., 2005; Heritier et al., 2006; Liu and Liu, 2015 | |
| Class D | |||
| OXA-2 subgroup | OXA-21 | Vila et al., 1997 | |
| OXA-10 subgroup | OXA-128 | Giannouli et al., 2009 | |
| OXA-20 subgroup | OXA-37 | Navia et al., 2002 | |
| OXA-23 subgroup | OXA-23 | Heritier et al., 2005b; Naas et al., 2005; Corvec et al., 2007; Koh et al., 2007; Perez et al., 2007; Valenzuela et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2007; Adams et al., 2008; Stoeva et al., 2008; Kohlenberg et al., 2009; Kuo et al., 2010; Mugnier et al., 2010; Bonnin et al., 2011a; Lee et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2011b; Koh et al., 2012; Mosqueda et al., 2013; Chagas et al., 2014; Principe et al., 2014; Li Y. et al., 2015 | |
| OXA-133 | Mendes et al., 2009 | ||
| OXA-239 | Gonzalez-Villoria et al., 2016 | ||
| OXA-24 subgroup | OXA-24 | Bou et al., 2000b; Merino et al., 2010; Acosta et al., 2011; Pailhories et al., 2016 | |
| OXA-25, OXA-26, OXA-27 | Afzal-Shah et al., 2001 | ||
| OXA-40 | Heritier et al., 2003; Lolans et al., 2006; Quinteira et al., 2007; Ruiz et al., 2007 | ||
| OXA-72 | Wang et al., 2007; Lu et al., 2009; Goic-Barisic et al., 2011; Dortet et al., 2016; Kuo et al., 2016 | ||
| OXA-143 | Higgins et al., 2009 | ||
| OXA-182 | Kim et al., 2010 | ||
| OXA-51 subgroup | OXA-51 | Brown et al., 2005; Hu et al., 2007; Ruiz et al., 2007; Adams et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2010; Fang et al., 2016 | |
| OXA-64, OXA-65, OXA-66, OXA-68, OXA-70, OXA-71 | Hamouda et al., 2010; Biglari et al., 2016 | ||
| OXA-69, OXA-75, OXA-76, OXA-77 | Heritier et al., 2005a | ||
| OXA-79, OXA-80, OXA-104, OXA-106~ OXA-112 | Evans et al., 2007 | ||
| OXA-82, OXA-83, OXA-83, OXA-84 | Turton et al., 2006b; Evans et al., 2007 | ||
| OXA-86, OXA-87 | Vahaboglu et al., 2006 | ||
| OXA-88, OXA-91, OXA-93, OXA-94, OXA-95, OXA-96 | Koh et al., 2007 | ||
| OXA-92 | Tsakris et al., 2007 | ||
| OXA-113 | Naas et al., 2007 | ||
| OXA-58 subgroup | OXA-58 | Dijkshoorn et al., 1996; Poirel et al., 2005b; Pournaras et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2008; Qi et al., 2008; Donnarumma et al., 2010; Gogou et al., 2011; Ravasi et al., 2011; Hou and Yang, 2015 | |
| OXA-96 | Koh et al., 2007 | ||
| OXA-97 | Poirel et al., 2008 | ||
| OXA-143 subgroup | OXA-253 | de Sa Cavalcanti et al., 2016 | |
| OXA-235 subgroup | OXA-235 | Higgins et al., 2013 | |
| Efflux pumps | Resistance-nodulation-division superfamily | AdeABC | Magnet et al., 2001; Marchand et al., 2004; Peleg et al., 2007; Ruzin et al., 2007; Lin et al., 2015; Sun et al., 2016 |
| AdeFGH | Coyne et al., 2010; He X. et al., 2015 | ||
| AdeIJK | Damier-Piolle et al., 2008 | ||
| Major facilitator superfamily | TetA | Ribera et al., 2003a | |
| TetB | Vilacoba et al., 2013 | ||
| CmlA | Coyne et al., 2011 | ||
| CraA | Roca et al., 2009 | ||
| AmvA | Rajamohan et al., 2010 | ||
| AbaF | Sharma et al., 2016 | ||
| Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family | AbeM | Su et al., 2005 | |
| Small multidrug resistance family | AbeS | Srinivasan et al., 2009 | |
| Other efflux pumps | EmrAB-TolC | Nowak-Zaleska et al., 2016 | |
| A1S_1535, A1S_2795, and ABAYE_0913 | Li L. et al., 2016 | ||
| Permeability defects | Porin | OmpA | Smani et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2016 |
| CarO | Mussi et al., 2005, 2007; Siroy et al., 2005; Catel-Ferreira et al., 2011; Jin et al., 2011 | ||
| Omp22-33 | Bou et al., 2000a | ||
| Omp33-36 | del Mar Tomas et al., 2005 | ||
| Omp37 | Quale et al., 2003 | ||
| Omp43 | Dupont et al., 2005 | ||
| Omp44 | Quale et al., 2003 | ||
| Omp47 | Quale et al., 2003 | ||
| Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes | Aminoglycoside acetyltransferases | AAC3 (aacC1, aacC2) | Nemec et al., 2004 |
| AAC(6′) (aacA4) | Doi et al., 2004; Cho et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2009; Lin et al., 2010; Lin M. F. et al., 2013; Bakour et al., 2014 | ||
| Aminoglycoside adenyltransferases | ANT(2″) (aadB) | Nemec et al., 2004 | |
| ANT(3″) (aadA1) | Cho et al., 2009; Lin et al., 2010; Lin M. F. et al., 2013 | ||
| Aminoglycoside phosphotransferases | APH(3′) (aphA1) | Gallego and Towner, 2001 | |
| APH(3″) | Cho et al., 2009 | ||
| Alteration of target sites | Change of penicillin binding protein(PBP) | PBP2 | Gehrlein et al., 1991 |
| 16S rRNA methylation | ArmA | Yu et al., 2007; Cho et al., 2009; Karthikeyan et al., 2010; Brigante et al., 2012; Hong et al., 2013; Bakour et al., 2014; Tada et al., 2014 | |
| Ribosomal protection | TetM | Ribera et al., 2003b | |
| DNA gyrase | GyrA/ParC | Higgins et al., 2004 | |
| Dihydrofolate reductase | DHFR | Mak et al., 2009; Lin M. F. et al., 2013 | |
| FolA | Mak et al., 2009 | ||
| Lipopolysaccharide | PmrC, LpxA, LpxC, LpxD | Adams et al., 2009; Moffatt et al., 2010; Arroyo et al., 2011 | |
| Other mechanisms | S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase | Trm | Chen et al., 2014; Trebosc et al., 2016 |
| 1-Acyl-sn-3-phosphate acyltransferase | PlsC | Li X. et al., 2015 | |
| Peptidase C13 family | Abrp | Li X. et al., 2016 | |
| Cell division proteins | BlhA, ZipA, ZapA, and FtsK | Knight et al., 2016 | |
| SOS response | RecA | Aranda et al., 2011, 2014; Norton et al., 2013 |