Cardiac endothelial cells |
Improved ejection fraction in mice after MI |
Delivery of miR-126 and miR-210 to CPCs, activating prosurvival kinases and inducing a glycolytic switch |
[48] |
Human or rat plasma |
Cardioprotection |
Exosomal HSP70 activating MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling via TLR4 |
[10] |
CD34+ve haematopoietic stem cells |
Angiogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo |
Not determined |
[44] |
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) |
Enhanced neovascularization, cardiomyocyte survival, and reduced fibrosis post MI |
delivery of miR-294 to c-kit+ve cardiac progenitor cells |
[46] |
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) |
Stimulate the migration of endothelial cells in vitro |
Matrix metalloproteinases |
[49] |
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) |
Reduced apoptosis, enhanced angiogenesis, improved ejection fraction in rat MI |
Potentially via delivery of miR-210, miR-132, and miR-146a-3p |
[47] |
Cardiospheres (CSp-EMVs) |
Primed fibroblasts, which stimulated angiogenesis and cardioprotection when injected in MI |
Increased secretion of the SDF-1α and VEGF |
[52] |
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) |
Improved cardiac function in murine MI inhibiting apoptosis and promoting proliferation of cardiomyocytes, while enhancing angiogenesis |
Potentially via delivery of miR-146a |
[50] |
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) |
Decrease apoptosis and fibrosis and improved function in a doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy |
Not determined |
[51] |
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) |
Reduced infarct size and improved recovery in a mouse MI |
Akt and GSK-3β signalling pathways |
[54–56] |