Figure 3. Effects of sulfuretin on the activation of Akt (A), mTOR (A, B), and MAP kinase (C) signaling in primary osteoblasts.

(A-C) Cells were cultured with osteogenic supplement and the indicated concentration of sulfuretin for 30 min (A, B) and 45 min (C). Where indicated, the cells were pretreated with rapamycin (20 nM) for 1 h and post-treated with 0.5 μM sulfuretin for 30 min (B). Protein expression was assessed by western blot analysis. *, p < 0.05 vs. control. #, p < 0.05 vs. OS. &, p < 0.05 vs. OS/sulfuretin. The data shown are for n=3 in each category of sample in each experiment.