Table I.

Clinical, demographic variables and glycemic indices of the studied population.

Parameter	C (${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$ 20)	D1 (${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$ 27)	D2 (${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$ 17)	D3 (${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$ 16)
Age (years)	11±0.8013 (5–17)	10.176±0.5971 (5–17)	10.294±0.7352 (4–14)	12.767±0.5624 (7–15.5)
Gender (Male/Female)	11 / 9	16 / 11	8 / 9	8 / 8
Lactation Breast	17	23	14	13
Synthetic	3	4	3	2
Cow	–	–	–	1
Height (m2)	1.384±0.044	1.40±0.033	1.362±0.038	1.414±0.04
Weight (kg)	39.95±3.858	39.44±3.022	38.71±3.305	42.19±3.049
BMI (kg/m2)	19.86±0.99	18.004±0.5756	19.92±0.6935	20.81±0.7318
T1DM duration (years)	–	0.294±0.069	2.82±0.201	7.06±0.528
FBG (mmol/L)	4.03±0.09	12.46±1.09***	14.69±1.44***	16.52±1.40***
HbA1c(%)	5.34±0.065	10.512±0.551***	8.96±0.447***	9.69±0.7072***
Insulin Dose (U/day)	–	35.95±4.242	45.07±4.925	54±7.056

D₁: Duration of diabetes < 1 year, D₂: duration of diabetes 1–5 years, D₃: duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years, ${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$: total number inside each group, BMI: body mass index, FBG: fasting blood glucose, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus.

^***: p<0.001 compared to group C; using parametric one-way ordinary ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests.

Data are expressed as M ± SE (average mean ± standard error)