Table II.

Metabolic variables of the studied population.

Parameter	C (${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$ 20)	D1 (${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$ 27)	D2 (${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$ 17)	D3 (${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$ 16)
TAG, mmol/L	0.84±0.09	0.99±0.052	0.95±0.063	0.99±0.055
TC, mmol/L	4.13±0.12	4.83±0.19*	4.91±0.24*	5.20±0.24**
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.08±0.032	1.21±0.051	1.17±0.062	1.27±0.038
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.69±0.10	3.13±0.17	3.24±0.20	3.42±0.22*
AST, U/L	25.75±1.357	31.115±2.326	27.47±2.080	27.75±2.507
ALT, U/L	18.65±0.998	26.11±2.744	21.76±1.994	25.69±3.004
Urea, mmol/L	8.82±0.41	10.34±0.46	10.33±0.32	10.31±0.61
Serum Creatinine, μmol/L	59.23±2.23	60.24±2.06	57.20±3.14	64.64±3.50
Urine Creatinine, g/day	140.62±15.47	91.70±10.33*	89.18±8.95*	75.17±9.18**
Albuminuria, mg/L	2.68±0.2548	3.413±0.4020	2.53±0.3356	2.29±0.2888
ACR, mg/g	2.26±0.21	5.45±0.63***	3.07±0.33##	2.94±0.43##

D₁: Duration of diabetes < 1 year, D₂: duration of diabetes 1–5 years, D₃: duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years, ${\mathrm{N}}^{\underset{\_}{\text{o}}}$: number inside each group, ACR: urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein, TC: total cholesterol, TAG: triacylglycerol.

^*: p<0.05,

^**: p<0.01,

^***: p<0.001 compared to group C,

^##: p<0.01 compared to »D₁« group using parametric one-way ordinary ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests.

Data are expressed as M±SE (average mean ± standard error).