Table 1.
Association of insomnia in the first month after stroke with baseline participant characteristics
| Insomnia (n = 124*) | No insomnia (n = 244*) | OR (95% CI) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 46–65 years | 87 (70) | 192 (79) | ref. | |||
| 18–45 years | 37 (30) | 52 (21) | 1.57 (0.96–2.57) | 0.07 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 71 (57) | 180 (74) | ref. | |||
| Female | 53 (43) | 64 (26) | 2.10 (1.33–3.31) | 0.001 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Up to age 16 | 46 (37) | 86/243 (35) | ref. | |||
| Age 18/trade | 27 (22) | 70/243 (29) | 0.72 (0.41–1.28) | 0.26 | ||
| Diploma/degree | 51 (41) | 87/243 (36) | 1.10 (0.67–1.80) | 0.72 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/de facto | 83 (67) | 154 (63) | ref. | |||
| Never married | 23 (19) | 60 (25) | 0.71 (0.41–1.23) | 0.22 | ||
| Other | 18 (15) | 30 (12) | 1.11 (0.59–2.12) | 0.74 | ||
| Living alone | ||||||
| Yes | 17 (14) | 44 (18) | ref. | |||
| No | 107 (86) | 200 (82) | 1.38 (0.75–2.54) | 0.29 | ||
| Employment | ||||||
| Paid full-time | 67 (54) | 132 (54) | ref. | |||
| Paid part-time | 15 (12) | 33 (14) | 0.90 (0.45–1.76) | 0.75 | ||
| Retired | 8 (6) | 34 (14) | 0.46 (0.20–1.06) | 0.07 | ||
| Unemployed | 34 (27) | 45 (18) | 1.49 (0.87–2.54) | 0.14 | ||
| Nonmanual occupation | ||||||
| No | 50/114 (44) | 118/228 (52) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 64/114 (56) | 110/228 (48) | 1.37 (0.87–2.16) | 0.17 | ||
| Job strain | ||||||
| Others (active, passive) | 82 (66) | 165 (68) | ref. | |||
| High demands/low control | 25 (20) | 31 (13) | 1.62 (0.90–2.93) | 0.11 | ||
| Low demands/high control | 17 (14) | 48 (20) | 0.71 (0.39–1.32) | 0.28 | ||
| Financially dependent children | ||||||
| No | 73 (59) | 163/243 (67) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 51 (41) | 80/243 (33) | 1.42 (0.91–2.23) | 0.12 | ||
| Main income earner | ||||||
| Yes | 68/122 (56) | 154/241 (64) | ref. | |||
| No | 54/122 (44) | 87/241 (36) | 1.41 (0.90–2.19) | 0.13 | ||
| Private health insurance | ||||||
| Yes | 58 (47) | 117/243 (48) | ref. | |||
| No | 66 (53) | 126/243 (52) | 1.06 (0.69–1.63) | 0.80 | ||
| Clinical | ||||||
| Smoker | ||||||
| Previous/never smoking | 67 (54) | 144 (59) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 57 (46) | 100 (41) | 1.23 (0.79–1.89) | 0.36 | ||
| Hazardous drinker | ||||||
| No | 99 (79) | 210 (86) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 26 (21) | 34 (14) | 1.64 (0.93–2.88) | 0.09 | ||
| Comorbid chronic illness | ||||||
| No | 90 (73) | 197 (81) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 34 (27) | 47 (19) | 1.58 (0.95–2.63) | 0.08 | ||
| Stroke subtype | ||||||
| Ischaemic | 104 (84) | 204 (84) | ref. | |||
| Haemorrhagic | 14 (11) | 32 (13) | 0.86 (0.44–1.68) | 0.66 | ||
| Unknown subtype | 6 (5) | 5 (2) | 2.35 (0.70–7.89) | 0.17 | ||
| Thrombolysis | ||||||
| No | 116 (94) | 229/243 (94) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 8 (6) | 14/243 (6) | 1.13 (0.46–2.77) | 0.79 | ||
| Cognitive status | ||||||
| Impaired | 16/121 (13) | 46/232 (20) | ref. | |||
| Competent | 105/121 (87) | 186/232 (80) | 1.62 (0.88–3.01) | 0.12 | ||
| History of treated depression | ||||||
| No | 70 (56) | 167 (68) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 54 (44) | 77 (32) | 1.67 (1.07–2.61) | 0.02 | ||
| Depression | ||||||
| No | 92/121 (76) | 210/232 (91) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 29/121 (24) | 22/232 (9) | 3.01 (1.64–5.52) | 0.0004 | ||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| No | 71/121 (59) | 197/232 (85) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 50/121 (41) | 35/232 (15) | 3.96 (2.38–6.60) | <0.0001 | ||
Data are displayed as n (%) or mean (SD). Odds ratios (OR) indicate the odds of having insomnia symptoms according to each baseline characteristic. CI, confidence interval.
*
Unless stated otherwise.