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. 2017 Mar 13;8:272. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00272

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Perturbations of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17, and TNF-α producing CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected individuals. Intracellular IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and TNF-α staining was performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after stimulation with PMA, ionomycin, and brefeldin A for 5 h. The gating strategy is indicated (A). Frequencies of IFN-γ (B), IL-4 (C), IL-17 (D), and TNF-α (E) producing CD4+ T cells analyzed by flow cytometry in healthy controls (HC), chronic HIV-1-infected cART-naïve patients (CHI&ART−), and chronic HIV-1-infected patients with undetectable viral load after cART (CHI&ART+). All p values were calculated using an ANOVA, Student’s t-test, or the Mann–Whitney U test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Correlations between the frequencies of IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells and CD4+ T cell counts (F) as well as the CD4/CD8 ratio (G) calculated by the Spearman correlation test (HC, AHI, CHI&ART−, and CHI&ART+ groups).