Fig. 3.

MWCNT-induced neuroinflammatory responses are dependent on BBB disruption. (A) General study design, incorporating a single (1×) fasudil treatment after MWCNT to reduce brain fluorescein uptake and a preventative (2×) fasudil treatment to prevent MWCNT-induced BBB disruption throughout the 4-h time course. (B) Fluorescein uptake in brains at 4 h following MWCNT aspiration with vehicle, 1× fasudil, or 2× fasudil treatment. * P < 0.05 compared with control, ANOVA. (C) Inflammatory markers Il6 and Ccl5 mRNA in the cortex at 4 h after DM or MWCNT aspiration. *A significant effect of MWCNT compared with control in two-way ANOVA (P < 0.05) with no influence of the single post-MWCNT fasudil treatment. (D) Preventative (2×) fasudil administration abrogated inflammatory marker mRNA expression (Il6, Ccl5) in the cortex.