Fig. 1.

TIPARP limits replication of viruses belonging to the family Togaviridae. (A) Domain architecture of ZAP, PARP12, and TIPARP. (B) U373-CD14 cells were treated with the indicated siRNAs and then infected with SINV (multiplicity of infection [MOI] = 1) for 24 h. The levels of viral protein and β-actin in the cell lysates were determined by immunoblotting analysis. (C and D) U373-CD14 cells were treated with control or TIPARP siRNA. (C) The cells were infected with rubella virus (MOI = 0.1) for 96 h. The levels of rubella virus RNA in the culture supernatants were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. (D) The cells were infected with VSV (MOI = 1), CVB3 (MOI = 1), JEV (MOI = 1), IAV (PR8, 100 hemagglutinin unit), or HSV-1 (MOI = 1) for 24 h. The levels of viral proteins and β-actin in the cell lysates were determined by immunoblotting analysis. Experiments were performed three times, and representative data are shown (means ± SD of three independent samples). *P < 0.05.