Table 4.
Regression coefficients and 95% CIs from multiple linear regression analyses: individual, behavioural, social and physical environmental variables and (Model 1) child energy-dense snack food consumption adjusted for child gender and age; (Model 2) child energy-dense snack food consumption adjusted for child gender and age and all ‘individual’ variables significant in the unadjusted linear regression analyses; (Model 3) child energy-dense snack food consumption adjusted for child gender and age and all ‘behavioural’ variables significant in the unadjusted linear regression analyses; (Model 4) child energy-dense snack food consumption adjusted for child gender and age and all ‘social environmental’ variables significant in the unadjusted linear regression analyses; (Model 5) child energy-dense snack food consumption adjusted for child gender and age and all ‘physical environmental’ variables significant in the unadjusted linear regression analyses; (Model 6) child energy-dense snack food consumption adjusted for child gender and age and all variables significant in Models 2–5.
| Individual | Energy-dense snacks (frequency/day) |
Energy-dense snacks (frequency/day) |
Energy-dense snacks (frequency/day) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unstandardised regression coefficient (95% CI) |
P |
Unstandardised regression coefficient (95% CI) |
P |
Unstandardised regression coefficient (95% CI) |
P |
|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 6 | ||||
| Habit for eating snack foods while watching TV | 1.04 (0.79, 1.29) |
0.000 | 0.93 (0.65, 1.18) |
0.000 | 0.40 (0.12, 0.68) |
0.005 |
| Habit for eating fruit and vegetables while watching TV | 0.18 (-0.09, 0.45) |
0.183 | −0.13 (-0.40, 0.13) |
0.318 | ||
| Self-efficacy for not eating snack foods when watching TV/DVD's | −0.40 (-0.65, −0.10) |
0.002 | −0.156 (-0.41, 0.09) |
0.205 | ||
| Self-efficacy for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption | −0.35 (-0.61, −0.10) |
0.006 | −0.18 (-0.44,0.07) |
0.160 | ||
| Self-efficacy for reducing energy-dense snack food consumption |
−0.09 (-0.34, 017) |
0.500 |
||||
|
Behavioural |
Model 1 |
Model 3 |
Model 6 |
|||
| Eating breakfast while watching TV | 0.81 (0.19, 1.43) |
0.010 | 0.23 (-0.46, 0.92) |
0.508 | ||
| Eating lunch while watching TV | 1.34 (0.73, 1.95) |
0.000 | 0.38 (-0.51, 1.28) |
0.397 | ||
| Eating dinner while watching TV | 0.97 (0.36, 1.59) |
0.002 | −0.21 (-1.02, 0.61) |
0.617 | ||
| Eating fruit and vegetables while watching TV | 0.59 (-0.16, 1.34) |
0.123 | −0.29 (-1.01, 0.43) |
0.478 | ||
| Eating energy-dense snacks while watching TV |
4.08 (3.39, 4.77) |
0.000 |
3.84 (3.08, 4.59) |
0.000 |
2.03 (1.19, 2.87) |
0.000 |
|
Social environment |
Model 1 |
Model 4 |
Model 6 |
|||
| Eating breakfast at home together with parents | −0.29 (-0.94, 0.37) |
0.395 | ||||
| Eating dinner at home together with parents | −0.19 (-0.96, 0.59) |
0.629 | ||||
| Eating dinner in front of the TV with parents | 1.59 (0.89, 2.28) |
0.000 | 0.54 (-0.27, 1.36) |
0.187 | ||
| Eating breakfast in front of the TV with parents | 1.65 (0.87, 2.43) |
0.000 | 0.42 (-0.49, 1.32) |
0.366 | ||
| Eating snacks in front of the TV with parents | 2.74 (2.04, 3.44) |
0.000 | 2.19 (1.34, 3.04) |
0.000 | 0.69 (-0.05,1.45) |
0.070 |
| Parental pressure to eat | 0.37 (-0.22, 0.95) |
0.222 | 0.57 (-0.09, 1.22) |
0.089 | ||
| Parental food restriction | 1.25 (0.47, 2.02) |
0.002 | 0.90 (0.06, 1.74) |
0.040 | −0.51 (-1.22, 0.21) |
0.164 |
| Food as a reward |
0.26 (-0.12,0.64) |
0.184 |
0.11 (-0.29, 0.50) |
0.605 |
||
|
Physical environment |
Model 1 |
Model 5 |
Model 6 |
|||
| Home availability of energy-dense snack foods | 0.52 (0.44, 0.60) |
0.000 | 0.51 (0.41, 0.60) |
0.000 | 0.34 (0.23, 0.0.44) | 0.000 |
| Home availability of fruit and vegetables | −0.12 (-0.27,0.03) |
0.104 | −0.19 (-0.33, −0.06) |
0.006 | −0.11 (-0.25, 0.02) |
0.090 |
| Home accessibility of energy-dense snack foods | 0.77 (0.54, 0.99) |
0.000 | 0.24 (0.01,0.48) |
0.050 | 0.04 (-0.18,0.28) |
0.713 |
| Home accessibility of fruit and vegetables | 0.11 (-0.03,0.26) |
0.129 | 0.05 (-0.09, 0.18) |
0.478 | ||
Bold indicates p < 0.001.