Table 1.

Descriptive statistics and comparisons by treatment for Study 1

	Unhappy music		Happy music		T
Variable (Scale)	M N = 45	SD	M N = 33	SD	Happy and unhappy
Age (1–4)	1.044	0.298	1.061	0.242	0.256
Male (0/1)	0.622	0.490	0.697	0.467	−0.679
Econ Major (0/1)	0.889	0.318	0.939	0.242	0.764
VCM 1 (0–10)	5.044	3.418	5.485	3.438	0.561
VCM 5 (0–10)	3.822	3.816	6.091	3.835	2.589**
VCM 10 (0–10)	3.178	3.910	3.697	3.245	0.622
VCM 15 (0–10)	2.511	3.727	2.818	3.566	0.366
VCM 20 (0–10)	2.333	3.879	2.485	3.251	0.182

^* p < 0.05;

^** p < 0.01;

^*** p < 0.001.