Table 3.

Demographic and clinical characteristics among adolescents with and without tachypnea (n = 258)

	Tachypnea (n = 143)		No tachypnea (n = 115)		Crude OR (95% CI)	aOR – adjusted for age, gender and WHO HIV clinical stage (95% CI)
	n	%	n	%
Age* (years), median (IQR)	12.7 (11.0 – 14.0)		13.2 (11.8 – 15.4)		0.81 (0.72 – 0.92)	0.80 (0.70 – 0.91)‡
Age (years), by category
10 – 12.9	78	55%	54	47%	--	--
13 – 14.9	44	31%	24	21%	--	--
15 – 16.9	21	15%	37	32%	--	--
Gender
Male	71	50%	56	49%	1.04 (0.64 – 1.70)	0.93 (0.55 – 1.56)§
Female	72	50%	59	51%	Referent	Referent
Height-for-age Z-score
< −2 (stunted growth)	70	51%	28	26%	3.07 (1.78 – 5.30)	3.46 (1.94 – 6.18)
≥ −2	66	49%	81	74%	Referent	Referent
Missing	7	--	6	--
BMI-for-age Z-score
< −2 (malnutrition)	27	21%	18	17%	1.31 (0.68 – 2.54)	1.24 (0.62 – 2.50)
≥ −2	104	79%	91	83%	Referent	Referent
Missing	12	--	6	--
WHO HIV Clinical Stage
Stage 3/4 (advanced HIV)	48	34%	38	34%	1.00 (0.59 – 1.68)	0.96 (0.56 – 1.65)¥
Stage 1/2	95	66%	75	66%	Referent	Referent
Missing	0	--	2	--
CD4+ cell count
<200 cells/μL	57	40%	28	25%	2.01 (1.17 – 3.47)	2.45 (1.39 – 4.32)
≥200 cells/μL	86	60%	85	75%	Referent	Referent
Missing	0	--	2	--
Current ART use
Yes	32	22%	41	36%	0.52 (0.30 – 0.90)	0.48 (0.27 – 0.86)
No	111	78%	74	64%	Referent	Referent
Current co-trimoxazole use
Yes	71	50%	60	52%	0.90 (0.55 – 1.48)	0.83 (0.49 – 1.39)
No	72	50%	55	48%	Referent	Referent
Indoor biofuel burning
Yes	26	59%	24	47%	1.63 (0.72 – 3.69)	1.72 (0.73 – 4.07)
No	18	41%	27	53%	Referent	Referent
Missing	99	--	64	--

^*OR per 1 year increase in age

^‡Only adjusted for gender and WHO HIV clinical stage

^§Only adjusted for age and WHO HIV clinical stage

^¥Only adjusted for age and gender