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Anticonvulsant effects of piperine decrease inflammation in rats with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. The anticonvulsant effects of piperine decreased the expression levels of (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-1β in the rats with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. **P<0.01, vs. the control group; ##P<0.01. vs. the epilepsy group. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β.
