Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with high and low risk stratified by SMMIa (n = 1337)
| SMMIa | P valuec | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % of sample | High risk | Low risk | ||
| n (%) | 1337 | 330 (24.7) | 1007 (75.3) | |
| Skeletal muscle mass, kg | 27.3 ± 7.40b | 22.1 ± 6.02 | 28.9 ± 7.01 | <0.001d |
| Skeletal muscle mass index, kg/m2 | 11.0 ± 2.23b | 8.88 ± 1.68 | 11.7 ± 1.95 | <0.001d |
| Gender, men, % | 51.5 | 51.8 | 51.4 | 0.905 |
| Age, y, % | ||||
| 65-69 | 39.2 | 22.1 | 44.8 | <0.001 |
| 70-74 | 33.7 | 33.0 | 33.9 | |
| 75-79 | 17.4 | 23.6 | 15.4 | |
| ≥ 80 | 9.72 | 21.2 | 5.96 | |
| Ethnicity, % | ||||
| Fukienese | 59.6 | 56.5 | 60.5 | 0.560 |
| Hakka | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | |
| Mainlander | 18.2 | 20.4 | 17.5 | |
| Indigenous | 11.6 | 12.5 | 11.3 | |
| Personal education, % | ||||
| Illiterate | 33.1 | 39.1 | 31.1 | 0.012 |
| Primary and below | 45.7 | 38.8 | 48.0 | |
| Secondary | 14.2 | 13.6 | 14.4 | |
| Secondary and above | 6.97 | 8.48 | 6.47 | |
| Lived alone, % | 9.42 | 11.5 | 8.74 | 0.134 |
| Self-reported financial status, % | ||||
| Enough | 14.1 | 12.3 | 14.7 | 0.530 |
| Just enough | 56.5 | 57.6 | 56.2 | |
| Some difficulty | 23.7 | 23.3 | 23.9 | |
| Very difficult | 5.70 | 6.92 | 5.30 | |
| Household income, NT$/mo, % | ||||
| < 15,000 | 39.3 | 36.3 | 40.3 | 0.193 |
| 15,000–29,999 | 17.4 | 16.3 | 17.8 | |
| 30,000–49,999 | 19.8 | 25.3 | 18.0 | |
| ≥ 50,000 | 23.5 | 22.1 | 23.9 | |
| Perceived health status, % | ||||
| Good | 39.8 | 34.3 | 41.6 | 0.008 |
| Fair | 45.8 | 46.8 | 45.4 | |
| Poor | 14.4 | 19.0 | 12.9 | |
| ADL | 0.20 ± 1.07b | 0.35 ± 1.37 | 0.15 ± 0.94 | 0.003d |
| CCI | 3.64 ± 3.45b | 3.19 ± 3.18 | 3.79 ± 3.52 | 0.006d |
| Body mass index | 23.7 ± 3.65b | 21.0 ± 3.22 | 24.6 ± 3.32 | <0.001 |
| Under weight | 7.19 | 22.1 | 2.29 | <0.001 |
| Normal weight | 45.7 | 61.8 | 40.5 | |
| Over weight | 29.1 | 11.5 | 34.9 | |
| Obese | 18.0 | 4.55 | 22.4 | |
| DDS | 4.44 ± 1.06b | 4.36 ± 1.05 | 4.46 ± 1.07 | 0.142d |
| ≤ 4 | 50.4 | 50.9 | 50.3 | 0.835 |
| > 4 | 49.6 | 49.1 | 49.8 | |
| Physical activity (MET/day) | 2.11 ± 3.53b | 1.93 ± 3.73 | 2.16 ± 3.46 | 0.284d |
| < 1.5 | 59.5 | 63.3 | 58.2 | 0.099 |
| ≥ 1.5 | 40.5 | 36.7 | 41.8 | |
Activities of daily living, ADL Charlson comorbidity index, CCI Dietary diversity score, DDS Skeletal muscle mass index, SMMI Metabolic equivalent, MET
aThe high-risk group comprises participants with a lower SMMI (<11.4 kg/m2 for men and 8.50 kg/m2 for women)
bMean ± SD
cChi-square test
dOne-way ANOVA