FIG. 4.

The activation of caspase-11. Mouse caspase-11 and human caspase-4/5 are the receptors for intracellular LPS. During Gram-negative bacterial infection, the lysis of bacteria-containing phagosomes results in LPS translocation to the cytoplasm. This culminates in the LPS recognition by caspase-4/5/11, which subsequently forms oligomers and mediates pyroptosis that leads to HMGB1 release. LPS, lipopolysaccharide. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars