TABLE 1.

Contributions of Valid Biomarkers to Clinical Research

Capabilities of Biomarkers Delineation of events between exposure and disease Establishment of dose-response Identification of early events in the natural history Identification of mechanisms by which exposure and disease are related Reduction in misclassification of exposures or risk factors and disease Establishment of variability and effect modification Enhanced individual and group risk assessments

Modified from Schulte.⁹