Table 2.

Common psychosocial interventions

Intervention	Theoretical Basis	Selected Studies
Education	Better knowledge of process reduces anxiety	Francis et al25 O’Connor et al61
Goal setting	Provides direction Specific, measurable goals Perception of increased treatment effectiveness	Vitali and Recupero83 Hamson-Utley and Vazquez31 Evans and Hardy21
Imagery	In rehabilitation setting, anticipation of pain Physiologic effect to reduce stress hormones	McKinney et al54 Cupal and Brewer18 Maddison et al50
Self-talk	Help athletes recognize and change negative thoughts	Podlog et al63
Graded exposure	Expose patients to fearful situations to show no more harm	Woods and Asmundson95
Social support	Increased support enhances coping strategies	Rees et al70 Hogan et al36
Relaxation	Reduce tension and anxiety	Johnson37 Cupal and Brewer18