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. 2016 Dec 10;14:286–297. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.12.006

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Gray matter reductions in preSxC9. (A) Group difference maps derived using VBM illustrate reduced gray matter in 15 preSxC9 expansion carriers compared with 67 healthy controls (HC2) involving bilateral posterior midcingulate cortex, left medial pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, and regions in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at pFWE < 0.05 (dark blue). More extensive gray matter reductions in bilateral medial frontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, precuneus and medial thalamus emerge at p < 0.001 uncorrected (cyan). Color bars represent t-scores, and statistical maps are superimposed on the Montreal Neurological Institute template brain. The left side of the axial and coronal images corresponds to the left side of the brain. (B) Mean gray matter intensity versus age within the pFWE < 0.05 map in (A), for 15 preSxC9 (blue dots), C9– (black dots), and HC (black circles) plotted for visualization purposes only. In general, preSxC9 showed lower gray matter intensities within the pFWE < 0.05 map in (A) compared with controls over three decades. Age axis labels are omitted to preserve subject anonymity. C9 + = presymptomatic C9ORF72 expansion carriers; C9– = non-carrier family members; HC = non-family healthy controls. C9– and HC were combined to comprise HC2.