Table 1.
Distribution of respondent characteristics by level of optimism
| Characteristic | Optimism
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low 1.00–3.83 In = 1483) | Moderate 3.83–4.94 In = 1551) | High 4.95–6.00 In = 1590) | |
| Age, M (SD), y | 75.26 (9.24) | 75.43 (9.85) | 74.30 (8.37) |
| Female | 830 (55.96) | 883 (56.91) | 941 (59.20) |
| Married status | 778 (52.46) | 901 (58.10) | 1025 (64.45) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White | 1213 (81.81) | 1342 (86.51) | 1418 (89.16) |
| African American | 134 (9.04) | 116 (7.51) | 101 (6.33) |
| Hispanic | 118 (7.92) | 69 (4.46) | 59 (3.74) |
| Other | 18 (1.23) | 24 (1.52) | 12 (0.77) |
| Education | |||
| <High school | 470 (31.65) | 319 (20.57) | 183 (11.48) |
| High school | 801 (54.03) | 882 (56.85) | 888 (55.88) |
| College | 212 (14.32) | 350 (22.58) | 519 (32.64) |
| Total wealth | |||
| 1st tertile-lowest | 654 (44.08) | 420 (27.08) | 338 (21.29) |
| 2nd tertile | 466 (31.40) | 575 (37.06) | 497 (31.25) |
| 3rd tertile-highest | 363 (24.52) | 556 (35.86) | 755 (47.46) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 602 (40.60) | 664 (42.80) | 743 (46.74) |
| Former smoker | 710 (47.87) | 739 (47.62) | 749 (47.10) |
| Current smoker | 171 (11.52) | 148 (9.58) | 98 (6.16) |
| Exercise | |||
| Never | 1108 (74.74) | 1070 (69.00) | 925 (58.18) |
| 1–4 times per month | 148 (9.98) | 159 (10.24) | 208 (13.11) |
| More than 1 x per week | 227 (15.28) | 322 (20.80) | 457 (28.71) |
| BMI, M (SD), kg/m’ | 27.87 (6.16) | 27.38 (6.30) | 27.04 (6.38) |
| Alcohol frequency | |||
| Never | 842 (56.81) | 761 (49.05) | 735 (46.22) |
| <1 per week | 248 (16.71) | 289 (18.65) | 280 (17.63) |
| 1–2 per week | 176 (11.85) | 217 (14.02) | 224 (14.06) |
| 3+ per week | 217 (14.62) | 284 (18.29) | 351 (22.09) |
| Heart disease | 497 (33.48) | 477 (30.74) | 403 (25.33) |
| Hypertension | 924 (62.28) | 931 (60.00) | 919 (57.78) |
| Diabetes | 370 (24.96) | 325 (20.93) | 234 (14.73) |
| Depression symptoms, M (SD) | 2.14 (3.08) | 1.37 (1.96) | 0.81 (1.28) |
| Anxiety symptoms, M (SD) | 1.81 (0.65) | 1.58 (0.63) | 1.35 (0.56) |
| Cognitive change score, M (SD) | -3.13 (10.40) | -2.45 (7.48) | -2.03 (6.38) |
| Baseline continuous cognitive score, M (SD) | 21.24 (9.24) | 22.22 (6.70) | 23.57 (6.78) |
M = mean; SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index.
∘
Unless otherwise noted, values am number of participants (percentage).