Table 1.
Study population demographics.
| Group | Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (N = 41) | Controls (N = 32) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (range) | 5.7 (4.6–9.3) | 5.5 (4.5–9.9) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 32 (72%) | 22 (55%) |
| Female | 9 (28%) | 10 (45%) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Caucasian, non-Hispanic | 26 (64%) | 24 (75%) |
| African American, non-Hispanic | 1 (2%) | – |
| Hispanic | 8 (20%) | 5 (16%) |
| Asian, non-hispanic | 1 (2%) | – |
| Other, non-hispanic | 5 (12%) | 3 (9%) |
| Mullen, median [interquartile range (IQR)] | ||
| Differential quotient (DQ) | 56.1 (35.4–77.1) | 105.8 (98.6–114.4) |
| Verbal differential quotient (VDQ) | 69.1 (60.1–83.6) | 105.8 (98.3–116) |
| Non-verbal differential quotient (NVDQ) | 66.2 (48.4–78.9) | 105.5 (99.2–112.1) |
| Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), median (IQR) | ||
| Social affect | 12 (9–16) | N/A |
| Restricted and repetitive behavior | 5 (3–6) | N/A |
| Severity | 7 (6–9) | N/A |
Controls with a sibling or first-degree relative with ASD were excluded from the study. Behavioral data include Mullen’s Scales of Early Learning (DQ, VDQ, NVDQ) scores with median and interquartile range and ADOS (social affect, restricted and repetitive behavior, severity) scores with median and interquartile range.