Table 1.
Pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of incident hypertension for total whole fruits and total vegetables consumption in Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study II and Health Professional Follow-up Study
| Fruits and Vegetables | Consumption Levels | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| ≤4 per week | 5–6 per week | 1 per day | 2–3 per day | ≥ 4 per day | Linear P Trend | |
| Total Fruits|| | ||||||
| NHS* | 4,943/154,025 | 4,283/128,106 | 12,732/366,100 | 12,548/359,298 | 869/26,892 | |
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00(reference) | 0.97(0.93–1.01) | 0.95(0.92–0.99) | 0.94(0.91–0.98) | 0.96(0.88–1.03) | 0.06 |
| NHS II † | 5,228/272,299 | 4,125/200,643 | 9,372/488,469 | 6,193/360,225 | 328/22,839 | |
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00 | 1.03(0.99–1.07) | 0.97(0.94–1.01) | 0.91(0.87–0.95) | 0.91(0.81–1.02) | <0.001 |
| HPFS‡ | 2,827/91,348 | 1,914/63,222 | 5,330/177,585 | 5,941/200,187 | 740/27,887 | |
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00 | 0.95(0.89–1.00) | 0.92(0.88–0.97) | 0.92(0.87–0.97) | 0.88(0.81–0.97) | 0.01 |
| Pooled Results¶ | 1.00 | 0.99(0.96–1.01) | 0.95(0.93–0.97) | 0.93(0.90–0.95) | 0.92(0.87–0.97) | <0.001 |
| Total Vegetables|| | ||||||
| NHS* | 137/4,225 | 341/10,250 | 3,250/99,574 | 20,298/589,705 | 11,349/330,667 | |
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00 | 0.95(0.77–1.16) | 0.90(0.76–1.07) | 0.89(0.75–1.05) | 0.87(0.73–1.03) | 0.02 |
| NHS II† | 237/14,685 | 446/25,753 | 3,290/187,949 | 14,198/750,828 | 7,075/365,261 | |
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00 | 1.01(0.86–1.18) | 0.96(0.84–1.09) | 0.97(0.85–1.11) | 1.01(0.88–1.15) | 0.04 |
| HPFS‡ | 126/4,325 | 234/8,182 | 1,944/68,410 | 9,490/312,925 | 4,958/166,386 | |
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00 | 0.96(0.77–1.19) | 0.92(0.77–1.11) | 0.94(0.79–1.13) | 0.93(0.78–1.12) | 0.68 |
| Pooled results¶ | 1.00 | 0.98(0.88–1.09) | 0.93(0.85–1.02) | 0.94(0.86–1.03) | 0.95(0.86–1.04) | 0.59 |
|
| ||||||
| Consumption Levels | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| ≤1 per day | 2–3 per day | 4–5 per day | ≥6 per day | Linear P Trend | ||
| Total Fruits and Vegetables | ||||||
| NHS* | 1,052/31,868 | 11,318/339,541 | 13,914/396,152 | 9,091/266,861 | ||
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00(reference) | 0.90(0.84–0.95) | 0.88(0.83–0.94) | 0.85(0.80–0.91) | <0.001 | |
| NHS II† | 1,427/79,840 | 10,019/528,610 | 8,785/462,410 | 5,015/273,616 | ||
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00 | 0.97(0.92–1.03) | 0.95(0.89–1.00) | 0.94(0.88–0.99) | 0.02 | |
| HPFS‡ | 666/22,176 | 5,711/190,017 | 6,085/201,161 | 4,290/146,874 | ||
| Adjusted hazard ratio§ | 1.00 | 0.93(0.85–1.01) | 0.91(0.83–0.98) | 0.89(0.81–0.97) | 0.02 | |
| Pooled results¶ | 1.00 | 0.94(0.90–0.97) | 0.91(0.88–0.95) | 0.89(0.86–0.93) | <0.001 | |
Follow-up in Nurses’ Health Study was from 1984 to 2010 (cases/persons-years).
Follow-up in Nurses’ Health Study II was from 1991–2011
Follow-up in Health Professionals Follow-up study was from 1986 to 2010.
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity (white, African-American, Asian, Hispanic, other), body mass index, current smoking status, physical activity, weight change per food frequency questionnaire cycle, menopausal status (NHS and NHS II), alcohol intake, current oral contraceptive use (NHS II), analgesic use (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, aspirin), family history of hypertension, total energy intake, animal flesh intake (combination of processed and unprocessed red meat, poultry and seafood), whole grains, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, artificially-sweetened diet beverage intake.
Multivariable model including total vegetables was adjusted for total fruits intake (quintiles), and vice versa
Pooled hazard ratios of the three cohorts using a fixed effects model.