Table 2.
Pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of incident hypertension for several individual fruit and individual vegetable consumption in Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study II and Health Professional Follow-up Study
| Individual Fruits and Vegetables | Consumption Levels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| <1 per month | 1–3 per month | 1–3 per week | ≥4 per week | P Trend | |
| Raisins or grapes* | 1.00(reference) | 0.98(0.96–1.00) | 0.94(0.92–0.97) | 0.92(0.89–0.96) | <0.001 |
| Apples or pears* | 1.00 | 0.94(0.90–0.97) | 0.95(0.91–0.98) | 0.91(0.88–0.95) | <0.001 |
| Strawberries* | 1.00 | 0.98(0.96–1.00) | 0.99(0.97–1.02) | 1.01(0.95–1.07) | 0.79 |
| Blueberries* | 1.00 | 0.97(0.95–0.98) | 0.95(0.92–0.98) | 0.92(0.83–1.03) | 0.01 |
| Avocado* | 1.00 | 0.97(0.95–0.99) | 0.92(0.87–0.96) | 0.94(0.77–1.14) | <0.001 |
| Spinach* | 1.00 | 0.99(0.97–1.01) | 0.99(0.97–1.01) | 0.98(0.93–1.02) | 0.32 |
| String beans* | 1.00 | 1.02(0.99–1.05) | 1.05(1.02–1.09) | 1.11(1.05–1.17) | <0.001 |
| Corn* | 1.00 | 1.02(0.99–1.05) | 1.03(1.00–1.07) | 1.05(0.98–1.12) | 0.004 |
| Broccoli* | 1.00 | 0.99(0.96–1.03) | 0.97(0.93–1.00) | 0.94(0.90–0.99) | <0.001 |
| Cauliflower | 1.00 | 1.00(0.98–1.02) | 1.04(1.01–1.07) | 1.06(0.99–1.14) | <0.001 |
| Brussel Sprouts* | 1.00 | 1.02(1.00–1.04) | 1.04(1.00–1.08) | 1.23(1.04–1.46) | 0.03 |
| Carrots* | 1.00 | 0.99(0.95–1.03) | 0.97(0.93–1.01) | 0.95(0.91–0.99) | 0.003 |
| Tofu or soybeans* | 1.00 | 0.95(0.93–0.98) | 1.01(0.97–1.07) | 0.88(0.79–0.99) | 0.001 |
| Cantaloupe* | 1.00 | 1.03(1.01–1.05) | 1.06(1.03–1.08) | 1.07(1.01–1.13) | 0.002 |
Pooled hazard ratios of the three cohorts using a fixed effects model. Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity (white, African-American, Asian, Hispanic, other), body mass index, current smoking status, physical activity, weight change per food frequency questionnaire cycle, menopausal status (in NHS I and NHS II), alcohol intake, current oral contraceptive use (in NHS II), analgesic use (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, aspirin), family history of hypertension, total energy intake, animal flesh intake (combination of processed and unprocessed red meat, poultry and seafood), whole grains (quintiles), sugar-sweetened beverage intake, artificially-sweetened diet beverage intake. All vegetables were adjusted for each other, with a reference group of < 1serving/month.