. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 15.

Published in final edited form as: J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;55(4):1497–1507. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160842

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics, clinical, cognitive and olfactory performance scores for HOA, MCI, and AD

	HOA	MCI	AD
n	292	174	262
Age, mean (SD) in years	70.96 (8.74)^†	72.46 (8.57)^†	75.18 (8.22)^*^‡
Sex, n
Male	89^‡	82^*^†	98^‡
Female	203^‡	92^*^†	164^‡
Race, n
White	180^†^‡	122^*	201^*
African American	97^†^‡	38^*	35^*
Other	15^†^‡	14^*	26^*
Education, mean (SD) in years	15.62 (2.96) ^†	15.02 (3.61)^†	14.10 (3.83)^*^‡
Clinical Dementia Rating, mean (SD)^§	0.02 (0.10)^†^‡	0.47 (0.15)^*^†	0.81 (0.41)^*^‡
Functional Rating Scale, mean (SD)^¶	0.54 (1.27)^†^‡	5.00 (4.15)^*^†	13.59 (7.16)^*^‡
Geriatric Depression Scale, mean (SD)^#	0.94 (1.69)^†^‡	2.24 (2.61)^*	2.50 (2.68)^*
MoCA, mean (SD)	25.98 (2.74)^†^‡	21.32 (3.97)^*^†	15.27 (5.24)^*^‡
Sniffin’ Sticks Test, mean (SD)	12.43 (2.53)^†^‡	9.94 (3.28)^*^†	7.82 (3.46)^*^‡
CERAD-NB, mean (SD)^**	84.29 (8.81)^†^‡	66.07 (10.55)^* ^†	47.84 (14.30)^*^‡

HOA, healthy older adults; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease,

p<0.05 difference from HOA;

^†

p<0.05 difference from AD;

^‡

p<0.05 difference from MCI,

^§

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): n = HOA (285), MCI (155), AD (228),

^¶

Functional Rating Scale (FRS): n = HOA (268), MCI (168), AD (259),

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): n = HOA (285), MCI (160), AD (227),

^**

CERAD-NB: n = HOA (292), MCI (174), AD (256),

^††

HOA, MCI, and AD: HOA and MCI were younger and attained higher levels of education than AD. The proportion of females was higher in the HOA than in the MCI group. HOA, AD, and MCI groups included more Caucasians than African Americans and more African Americans than other races. As expected, there were systematic group differences in overall neuropsychological function and clinical ratings: CERAD-NB, MoCA, CDR, FRS, and GDS. In addition, the CDR, FRS, and GDS were administered to many individuals.