Table 2.
2012 and 2013 surveys: factors associated with concerns regarding self‐benefit, safety, and risks.
| Greatest concern | Consent process | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any benefit to me | My safety | Risks | ||||||||||
| 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | |||||||
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Site | ||||||||||||
| Urban China | 3.57 (1.87, 6.86) | <0.001 | 7.26 (2.78, 18.95) | <0.001 | 4.11 (2.46, 6.89) | <0.001 | 5.82 (3.78, 8.94) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.23, 1.04) | 0.06 | 0.09 (0.03, 0.28) | <0.001 |
| Rural China | 15.30 (7.38, 31.75) | <0.001 | 14.32 (4.72, 43.41) | <0.001 | 1.27 (0.67, 2.41) | 0.46 | 6.09 (3.30, 11.24) | <0.001 | 0.20 (0.09, 0.43) | <0.001 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.21) | <0.001 |
| United States | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Age, years | ||||||||||||
| ≥55 | NA† | NA† | 0.75 (0.50, 1.12) | 0.15 | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64)* | 0.41 | NA† | NA† | ||||
| <55 | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| High school or less | 1.50 (0.41, 5.48) | 0.54 | 1.44 (0.45, 4.59) | 0.54 | 0.91 (0.37, 2.21)* | 0.83 | 1.23 (0.72, 2.09) | 0.45 | 0.25 (0.11, 0.57) | 0.001 | 0.41 (0.11, 1.54) | 0.19 |
| College | 1.26 (0.34, 4.65) | 0.73 | 1.55 (0.52, 4.65) | 0.43 | 0.71 (0.29, 1.73)* | 0.45 | 1.12 (0.70, 1.78) | 0.65 | Ref‡ | 0.74 (0.20, 2.83) | 0.66 | |
| Graduate/professional school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
| Prior participation in research | ||||||||||||
| No | 0.88 (0.54, 1.39) | 0.55 | 0.47 (0.19, 1.15)* | 0.10 | 0.92 (0.60, 1.41)* | 0.70 | 1.14 (0.73, 1.76) | 0.58 | 1.13 (0.66, 1.95) | 0.66 | 0.55 (0.15, 2.00) | 0.36 |
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | NA† | NA† | NA† | NA† | 1.02 (0.63, 1.66)* | 0.94 | 2.06 (1.11, 3.84) | 0.02 | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
Results were similar when all variables were inserted into the multivariate model.
CI = confidence interval; NA = not applicable.
*Although variable was not significant in univariate analysis, variable was included in multivariate analysis for equal comparison.
†Variable not included in multivariate analysis as the univariate analysis was not significant.
‡Only two groups, high school or less compared to any college, included in analysis. Unable to run analysis with three groups because too few patients in graduate/professional school group.