Table 2. Comparison of point-to-point movement control achieved in invasive BCI studies in monkeys and in the present noninvasive BCI study in humans.

Study	Movement time, s	Movement precision, target size as % of workspace	Hit rate, %
Serruya et al. (6)	1.5	2.3	?
Taylor et al. (7)	1.5	1.3	86
Carmena et al. (9)	2.2	7.7	89
Present study	1.9	4.9	92

The values of each study's best user (monkey or human) are shown. Movement precisions are calculated from the dimensions of the targets, the cursors, and the workspaces. The values for Serruya et al. (6) (except for hit rate, which is not stated in the paper) are taken from that paper's text and its figure 1, a and d. The values for Taylor et al. (7) are derived from that paper's text and its table 2 (Monkey M, 2.0-cm targets). For Carmena et al. (9), movement time and hit rate are derived from sessions 19-21 of Monkey 2 as displayed in that study's figure 1C and the target, cursor, and workspace dimensions needed to calculate movement precision, which are not stated in the paper, are derived from its figure 1B (Task 1). The resulting value for target size was confirmed by the magnitude of movement evident in individual trials in the paper's figure 6G during the g phase (in which the cursor must remain in the target).