Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study design | Mixed methods | 4 |
| Qualitative | 22 | |
| Quantitative | 54 | |
| Cross-sectional or longitudinal | Cross-sectional | 76 |
| Longitudinal | 3 | |
| Unclear | 1 | |
| Recall or real-time | Recall | 72 |
| Real-time | 1 | |
| Recall and real-time | 7 | |
| Setting | Hospital only | 22 |
| Primary care only | 28 | |
| Hospital and primary care | 15 | |
| Any setting or unspecified | 15 | |
| Country | Australia | 6 |
| Brazil | 1 | |
| Canada | 9 | |
| Denmark | 1 | |
| France | 1 | |
| Ghana | 1 | |
| Germany | 2 | |
| Iran | 4 | |
| Ireland | 2 | |
| Italy | 1 | |
| Jordan | 1 | |
| Mongolia | 1 | |
| New Zealand | 1 | |
| Norway | 2 | |
| Philippines | 1 | |
| South Korea | 1 | |
| Spain | 1 | |
| Sweden | 4 | |
| Taiwan | 1 | |
| Tanzania | 1 | |
| Turkey | 2 | |
| UK | 11 | |
| USA | 25 | |
| Healthcare professional groups included across the studies (greater than 80 as some studies included more than one group) | Dentists | 8 |
| Doctors | 42 | |
| Radiologists | 1 | |
| Nurses | 31 | |
| Hygienists | 1 | |
| Midwives | 1 | |
| Pharmacists | 1 | |
| Phlebotomists | 1 | |
| Podiatrists | 1 | |
| Psychiatrists | 1 | |
| Rehabilitation and physical therapists | 2 | |
| Speech and language pathologists | 1 | |
| Vets | 1 | |
| Knowledge sources included | Explicit (codified) only | 56 |
| Explicit and tacit or experiential | 24 | |
| MMAT quality score (maximum ****, minimum *) | **** | 6 |
| *** | 20 | |
| ** | 37 | |
| * | 17 |