Table 3.
Baseline echocardiographic parameters associated with incident type 2 diabetes
| Variables | Univariate | Multivariatea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | P valueb | |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 1.013 (0.993–1.034) | 0.189 | 1.017 (0.995–1.040) | 0.133 | 0.933 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 1.016 (1.008–1.024) | <0.001 | 1.009 (1.000–1.018) | 0.040 | 0.283 |
| LV hypertrophy (yes vs. no) | 1.526 (1.088–2.141) | 0.014 | 1.198 (0.806–1.780) | 0.371 | 1.000 |
| TDI Sm velocity (cm/s) | 0.856 (0.772–0.949) | 0.003 | 0.914 (0.816–1.024) | 0.119 | 0.836 |
| TDI Em velocity (cm/s) | 0.742 (0.685–0.804) | <0.001 | 0.867 (0.786–0.957) | 0.004 | 0.031 |
| E/Em ratio | 1.147 (1.094–1.201) | <0.001 | 1.076 (1.017–1.137) | 0.010 | 0.071 |
| LV diastolic dysfunction (yes vs. no) | 2.239 (1.726–2.905) | <0.001 | 1.617 (1.191–2.196) | 0.002 | 0.014 |
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, LA left atrium, LV left ventricle, NGM normal glucose metabolism, OR odds ratio, TDI tissue Doppler imaging, TG triglycerides
aModel was adjusted for age, sex, BMI ≥23 kg/m2, baseline glucose metabolism (NGM vs. prediabetes), hypertension, statin therapy, family history of diabetes, smoking status, alcohol intake, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, TG/HDL ratio, and hsCRP. Each echocardiographic variable was tested separately in a multivariate model
bCorrected P values using Bonferroni method for multiple comparisons