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. 2016 Mar 30;9(2):89–104. doi: 10.1111/cts.12391

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© 2016 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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The role of modeling and simulation in combination immunotherapy development. (a) Modeling and simulation approaches used to answer questions during preclinical and clinical development and life‐cycle management. (b) Iterative cycle between experimentation, modeling, prediction, analysis, and the generation of new, testable hypotheses. LCM, life‐cycle management; FIH, first‐in‐human; PD, pharmacodynamics; PKPD, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics; PBPK model, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model; DDI, drug–drug interaction.