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PKPD Continuum. phase 0/microdosing allows study of drug effects in the following domains: (I) – plasma PK; (II) – target PK; (III) – receptor binding and displacement; (IV) – pharmacological effects; biomarkers and/or clinical outcomes. PD, pharmacodynamics; PK, pharmacokinetics. Cu, concentration unbound in tissue; O, outcome; BM, biomarkers/metabolites; SEP, surrogate end points.
