Table 2. Association between β-blocker usage and clinicopathological characteristics in breast cancer patients.
| Characteristics | No β-Blocker N = 349 (86.4%) | β-Blocker N = 55 (13.6%) | p value | Significant |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor stage | ||||
| Stage I (# patients) | 123 (30.5%) | 15 (3.7%) | 0.60 | No |
| Stage II (# patients) | 125 (30.9%) | 19 (4.7%) | ||
| Stage III (# patients) | 76 (18.8%) | 15 (3.7%) | ||
| Stage IV (# patients) | 25 (6.2%) | 6 (1.5%) | ||
| Hormonal status | ||||
| ER | 0.94 | No | ||
| – (# patients) | 95 (23.5%) | 17 (4.2%) | ||
| + (# patients) | 249 (61.6%) | 38 (9.4%) | ||
| Unknown (# patients) | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| PR | 0.89 | No | ||
| – (# patients) | 135 (33.4%) | 21 (5.2%) | ||
| + (# patients) | 209 (51.7) | 34 (8.4%) | ||
| Unknown (# patients) | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| HER2 | 1.00 | No | ||
| – (# patients) | 255 (63.1%) | 41 (10.1%) | ||
| + (# patients) | 58 (14.4%) | 9 (2.2%) | ||
| Unknown (# patients) | 17 (4.2%) | 5 (1.2%) | ||
| Ki-67 index | ||||
| Stage I Mean (SEM) | 28.9(2.2) | 17.2(4.8) | 0.02 | Yes |
| Non-Selective β-blocker | 20.9(2.2) | 0.25 | No | |
| Selective β-blocker | 7.1(1.1) | < 0.0001 | Yes | |
| Stage II Mean (SEM) | 39.6(2.6) | 31.4(4.5) | 0.43 | No |
| Stage III Mean (SEM) | 44.9(3.1) | 44.4(6.1) | 0.95 | No |
| Stage IV Mean (SEM) | 38.3(5.3) | 44.0(16.5) | 0.67 | No |
ER = estrogen receptor.
PR = progesterone receptor.
HER2 = HER2/neu receptor.