Table 4. Impact of DLEM on pain severity in patients with or without RKOA (n = 721).

	Number of subjects	Crude		Model 1 ‡		Model 2 §		Model 3 ¶
		Pain score	P	Pain score	P	Pain score	P	Pain score	P
Ref	246	5.02±2.44	-	5.51±2.47	-	5.48±2.48	-	5.49±2.49	-
Group 1	390	6.29±2.50	<0.001	5.98±2.38	<0.001	6.00±2.35	<0.001	6.00±2.36	<0.001
Group 2	23	6.78±2.16	<0.001	6.86±2.29	<0.001	6.84±2.28	<0.001	6.82±2.28	<0.001
Group 3	62	7.18±2.48	<0.001	6.93±2.34	<0.001	6.94±2.37	<0.001	6.88±2.41	<0.001

Values are the mean ± SD for pain NRS scores. Pain severity was evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Reference group consisted of participants with knee pain without DLEM and RKOA. Group 1 consisted of participants with knee pain with only RKOA, group 2 consisted of participants with knee pain with only DLEM, and group 3 consisted of participants with knee pain with both RKOA and DLEM. DLEM = Decreased lower extremity muscle mass; RKOA = Radiographic knee OA.

^‡ Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, education, smoking, vitamin D insufficiency, osteoporosis, stiffness

^§ Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, education, smoking, vitamin D insufficiency, osteoporosis, current treatment, obesity, days of bed rest

^¶ Model 3: adjusted for age, gender, education, smoking, vitamin D insufficiency, osteoporosis, current treatment, obesity, days of bed rest, waist circumference