Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study sample by genders and weight status a.
| Male (N = 1,072) | Female (N = 1,507) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight status | P-value b | Weight status | P-value b | |||||
| Normal | Overweight | Obese | Normal | Overweight | Obese | |||
| (n = 223, 20.8%) | (n = 530, 49.4%) | (n = 319, 29.8%) | (n = 663, 44.0%) | (n = 405, 26.9%) | (n = 439, 29.1%) | |||
| Age, years | 41.2 (9.8) | 44.5 (9.7) | 44.0 (9.0) | < .001 m,n | 40.1 (10.6) | 43.1 (10.3) | 43.9 (9.6) | < .001 m,n |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.052 | < .001 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 188 (90.1%) | 450 (84.9%) | 288 (90.3%) | 622 (93.8%) | 360 (88.9%) | 384 (87.5%) | ||
| Others | 35 (9.9%) | 80 (15.1%) | 31 (9.72%) | 41 (6.2%) | 45 (11.1%) | 55 (12.5%) | ||
| Education | < .001 | < .001 | ||||||
| ≤ High school | 39 (17.5%) | 98 (18.5%) | 65 (20.4%) | 70 (10.6%) | 43 (10.6%) | 70 (16.0%) | ||
| Some college | 29 (13.0%) | 119 (22.5%) | 82 (25.7%) | 123 (18.6%) | 112 (27.7%) | 142 (32.4%) | ||
| College graduate | 104 (46.6%) | 242 (45.7%) | 142 (44.5%) | 375 (56.6%) | 189 (46.7%) | 184 (41.9%) | ||
| Graduate degree | 51 (22.9%) | 71 (13.4%) | 30 (9.4%) | 95 (14.3%) | 61 (15.1%) | 43 (9.8%) | ||
| Family income | 0.003 | < .001 | ||||||
| < $40k | 44 (19.7%) | 78 (14.7%) | 37 (11.6%) | 122 (18.4%) | 73 (18.0%) | 117 (26.7%) | ||
| $40k-< $60k | 41 (18.4%) | 87 (16.4%) | 49 (15.4%) | 148 (22.3%) | 82 (20.3%) | 124 (28.3%) | ||
| $60k-< $80k | 44 (19.7%) | 129 (24.3%) | 70 (21.9%) | 116 (17.5%) | 94 (23.2%) | 88 (20.1%) | ||
| ≥ $80k | 94 (42.2%) | 236 (44.5%) | 163 (51.1%) | 277 (41.8%) | 156 (38.5%) | 110 (25.1%) | ||
| Smoke | 0.716 | 0.162 | ||||||
| Yes | 31 (13.9%) | 63 (11.9%) | 42 (13.2%) | 61 (9.2%) | 41 (10.1%) | 56 (12.8%) | ||
| No | 192 (86.1%) | 467 (88.1%) | 277 (86.8%) | 602 (90.8%) | 364 (89.9%) | 383 (87.2%) | ||
| Alcohol c | 3.0 (3.2) | 3.4 (3.7) | 2.6 (3.1) | 0.004 n | 2.1 (2.4) | 2.1 (2.8) | 1.2 (2.0) | < .001 m |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Aerobic exercise d | 2.3 (2.0) | 2.1 (2.0) | 1.5 (1.8) | < .001 m | 2.6 (2.0) | 2.4 (2.0) | 1.7 (1.8) | < .001 m |
| General PA status e | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) | < .001 m | 3.8 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.3) | < .001 l,m,n |
| Strength exercise f | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.0) | < .001 m | 2.1 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.0) | < .001 l,m,n |
| PCS(PA) g | 0.13 (1.0) | 0.01 (1.0) | -0.34 (0.9) | < .001 m | 0.25 (1.0) | 0.07 (1.0) | -0.40 (0.9) | < .001 l,m,n |
| Healthy dietary behaviors | ||||||||
| Fat intake h | 3.1 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.8 (0.9) | < .001 m | 3.5 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.8) | < .001 l,n |
| Bread and grains i | 3.0 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 0.562 | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.1 (0.1) | 2.8 (1.0) | < .001 l,n |
| Protein intake j | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.8) | 0.006 l,m | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.8) | < .001 l,n |
| PCS(HDB) k | -0.05 (1.0) | -0.19 (1.0) | -0.37 (1.0) | < .001 n | 0.20 (0.9) | 0.08 (0.9) | -0.28 (1.0) | < .001 l,n |
PA, physical activity; PCS, principle component scores; HDB, healthy dietary behaviors.
a mean (SD) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
b P value was obtained from one-way analysis of variance with Tukey pairwise comparisons for continuous variables, x2 test of independence for nominal categorical variables, and Mantel-Haenszel x2 test of linear association for ordinal categorical variables (education and family income), respectively.
c average number of alcoholic beverage drinks per day in the past two weeks.
d “how many days per week do you engage in aerobic exercise of at least 20 to 30 minute duration (e.g., fitness walking, cycling, jogging, swimming, aerobic dance, active sport)?” with 8-point Likert type of scale.
e “mark the response that best describes your current activity level” with 6-point Likert type of scale.
f “how many times per week do you do strength building exercises such as sit-ups, pushups, or use weight training equipment?” with 4-point Likert type of scale.
g 1st principal component score with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one, explained by PA items among total sample.
h 5-point Likert type of scale ranged from “nearly always eat high fat foods” to “eat only low fat foods”.
i 5-point Likert type of scale ranged from “nearly always eat refined grain products” to “eat only whole grain products”.
j 5-point Likert type of scale ranged from “nearly always eat animal proteins” to “eat only vegetable proteins”.
k 1st principal component score with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one, explained by HDB items among total sample.
l signifcantly different between normal and overweight in Tukey’s pairwise comparisons.
m signifcantly different between normal and obese in Tukey’s pairwise comparisons.
n signifcantly different between overweight and obese in Tukey’s pairwise comparisons.