Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis of smoking status and bladder cancer outcomes.
| Study | Setting (Country) | Period | Mean follow-up (months) | Sample size | Cur: For: Non | Mean age (years) | Sex (%) | Disease stage | NOS score | Outcomes of Cur vs. Non and For vs. Non (SRRE 95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recurrence | Progression | Cancer-specific mortality | ||||||||||
| Pastore 2015 [21] | Database archive of the Department of Urology (Italy) | 2008~2003 | 45.1 | 574 | 200: 216: 158 | 62.2 | male 100 | NMIBC | 8 | 3.20(1.98-5.17)a 2.19(1.38-3.48)a | ||
| Grotenhuis 2015 [10] | The Netherlands Cancer Registry (Netherlands) | 1995~2010 | 44.4 | 963 | 292: 490: 181 | 63.9 | male 82.1; female 17.9 | NMIBC | 8 | 0.93(0.67-1.29); 1.14(0.85-1.53) | 0.80(0.45-1.42); 1.36(0.84-2.21) | |
| Wyszynski 2014 [24] | The New Hampshire State Cancer Registry (Lebanon) | 1994~2001 | 72.0 | 726 | 214: 379: 123 | 61.6 | male 76.4; female 23.6 | NMIBC | 8 | 1.51(1.08-2.13); 1.61(1.17-2.20) | ||
| Kim 2014 [17] | Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (USA) | 1990~2011 | 46.0 | 139 | 41: 63: 35 | 65.0 | male 71.2, female 28.8 | MIBC | 8 | 0.91(0.44-1.84); 1.24(0.66-2.31) | 1.07(0.44-2.60); 0.90(0.40-2.03) | |
| Serretta 2013 [11] | A randomized multicenter trial (Italy) | 2002~2003 | 48.0 | 395 | 298: 97c | 68.0 | Male 86.1, female 13.9 | NMIBC | 9 | 1.39(0.40-2.24); 1.94(1.18-3.18) | ||
| Rink 2013 [7] | Six international centers | 1987~2007 | 49.0 | 2043 | 593: 956: 494 | 67.0 | Male 78.7, female 21.3 | NMIBC | 8 | 1.22(1.01-1.48); 1.12(0.94-1.34) | 2.09(1.29-3.39); 1.29(0.79-2.09) | 1.12(0.85-1.47); 1.10(0.86-1.41) |
| Rink 2013 [8] | Five international centers | 2000~2008 | 34.3 | 1506 | 517: 693: 296 | 66.4 | Male 77.3, female 22.7 | MIBC | 8 | 1.47(1.12-1.94); 1.26(0.96-1.66) | 1.41(1.04-1.90); 1.22(0.91-1.63) | |
| Da Silva 2013 [16] | Four international institutions | 1992~2008 | 34.0 | 1502 | 516: 693: 293 | 66.0 | Male 78.4, female 21.6 | MIBC | 8 | 1.47(1.12-1.92); 1.27(0.98-1.65) | 1.43(1.06-1.93); 1.24(0.98-1.66) | |
| Lee 2012 [12] | The Asan Medical Center (Korea) | 1989~2008 | 56.0 | 602 | 159: 181: 262 | 62.2 | Male 89.7, female 10.3 | Both | 8 | 0.91(0.63-1.31); 0.93(0.66-1.29) | 0.94(0.64-1.37); 1.21(0.86-1.70) | |
| Sfakianos 2011 [18] | The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (USA) | 1994~2008 | 80.9 | 623 | 97: 386: 140 | 75.0 | Male 67.9, female 32.1 | NMIBC | 7 | 1.04(0.77-1.40)b 1.05(0.84-1.32)b | 1.16(0.65-2.10)b 1.00(0.64-1.58)b | 1.27(0.64-2.53)b 1.14(0.66-1.97)b |
| Chade 2010 [19] | The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (USA) | 1998~2008 | 48.0 | 155 | 11: 91: 44 | 69.0 | Male 85.2; female 14.8 | NMIBC | 7 | 1.22(0.46-3.21)b 1.16(0.62-2.18)b . | 0.86(0.35-2.11)b 1.02(0.63-1.66)b | |
| Ahirwar 2008 [23] | Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (India) | 2004~2007 | 13.0 | 136 | 46: 27: 63 | 61.6 | Male 87.5; female 12.5 | Both | 8 | 0.72(0.37-2.16); 1.17(0.59-2.31) | ||
| Chen 2007 [9] | National Taiwan university hospital (China) | 1997~2005 | 38.0 | 265 | 78: 123: 64 | 67.1 | male 100 | NMIBC | 9 | 1.00(0.55-1.82); 0.64(0.32-1.23) | ||
| Leibovici 2005 [20] | Anderson Cancer Center & Baylor College of Medicine (USA) | 1995~2003 | 20.8 | 195 | 44: 99: 52 | 62.6 | Male 76.9; female 23.1 | NMIBC | 7 | 0.81(0.47-1.37); 1.11(0.73-1.70) | 0.59(0.17-2.03); 1.30(0.53-3.16) | |
| Allard 1995 [22] | Fifteen acute-care participating hospitals (Canada) | 1990~1992 | 23.7 | 368 | 162: 150: 56 | 65.1 | Male 73.6; female 26.4 | NMIBC | 7 | 1.45(0.94-2.24); 1.28(0.82-1.98) | ||
Abbreviations: Cur, current smokers; For, former smokers; Non, non-smokers; SRRE, summary relative risk estimates; CI, confidence interval; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa scale; MIBC, muscle invasive bladder cancer; NMIBC, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
a
the effect estimates in this study is odd ratio (OR) with 95%CI;
b
the HR and 95%CI is extracted from the univariate model;
c
only reported the sample size of smoker and non-smoker.