Table 4. Pooled results for the association between P16INK4a promoter hypermethylation and HSIL risk.
| Comparisons | Studies (N) | Sample size (HSIL/controls) | Heterogeneity | Model a | Effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2(%) | PQ-test | OR (95% CI) | P | ||||
| Total | 15 | 587/491 | 18 | 0.253 | F | 5.80 (3.80-8.84) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Asian | 6 | 198/112 | 0 | 0.869 | F | 9.70 (3.85-24.42) | < 0.001 |
| Caucasian | 6 | 270/200 | 38 | 0.374 | F | 4.61 (2.50-8.52) | < 0.001 |
| Other ethnicities | 3 | 119/179 | 43 | 0.167 | F | 5.25 (2.46-11.18) | < 0.001 |
| Source of controls | |||||||
| Healthy | 9 | 393/272 | 22 | 0.247 | F | 5.74 (3.51-9.36) | < 0.001 |
| Non-healthy b | 6 | 194/219 | 27 | 0.236 | F | 5.99 (2.61-13.74) | < 0.001 |
| Quality of studies | |||||||
| High (≥ 12) | 7 | 354/211 | 0 | 0.453 | F | 4.08 (2.16-7.73) | < 0.001 |
| Low (< 12) | 8 | 233/280 | 17 | 0.298 | F | 7.80 (4.47-13.62) | < 0.001 |
a
When significant heterogeneity was found (I2≥ 50% or PQ-test ≤ 0.1), the random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird method) was used to pool the results; otherwise, the fixed-effects model (Mantel-Haenszel method) was applied.
b
Non-healthy controls included autologous controls (normal tissues adjacent to HSIL specimens), controls with benign gynecological diseases and mixed controls.
Abbreviations: N, number; HSIL, high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion; F, fixed-effects model.