(A) Invasion assay was carried out using modified 24-well microchemotaxis chambers. Then randomly chosen fields were photographed (×100), and the number of cells migrated to the lower surface was calculated as a percentage of invasion. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments by analysis of Student's t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001, vs 0 μM. (B) Confluent cells were scratched and then treated with Atn in a complete medium for 24 h. The number of cells migrated into the scratched area was photographed (×40) and calculated as a percentage of migration. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments by analysis of Student's t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001, vs 0 μM. (C–D) MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were treated with Atn at the indicated concentrations for 24 h, followed by Western blot analysis for PARP, pro-caspase-3 (pro-casp-3), and pro-caspase-9 (pro-casp-9). GAPDH was used as a loading control.