Table 4.
Overview of PM correlates
| Clock checks | DEX | General cognitive ability | Inhibition | Switching/cognitive flexibility | Theory of mind | Verbal processing efficiency | Verbal fluency/semantic switching | Working memory | ABAS | Autism severity | PRMQ PM-scale | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time-based | ASD | r = .73*,a
r = .80*,e |
FSIQ r = .51*,f |
Stroop r = .47*,f |
Animations r = − .42*,e |
r = .41i | r = .30f | r = .57*,f | Not studied | ||||
| NT | r = .86*,a
r = .47*,e |
WCST r = .32†,e |
r = .54*,f | Visual complex span r = .39g
Verbal storage span r = − .38g |
r = .45*,f | ||||||||
| Both | r = .82*,a | r = − .38*,d | TMT r = −.38*,d |
Digit ordering r = .33d |
|||||||||
| Event-based | ASD | N/A | r = − .48*,b | NVIQ r = .52*,h |
DCCS r = .34h |
Not studied | r = .45*,g | Verbal complex span r = − .36g
Verbal storage span r = − .52*,g Block span r = .45*,g |
CARS r = −.34†,i ADOS-SC r = −.37*,c ADOS-R r = −.21*,c |
||||
| NT | N/A | r = − .31b | NVIQ r = .34i |
Stroop r = .56*,h |
TMT r = .32f |
Not studied | r = .43*,f | Visual complex span r = −.30g
Visual storage span r = −50*,g |
r = .30f | r = .43†,g | |||
| Both | r = − .36*,b |
ABAS Adaptive Behavior Assessment Scale, DEX Dysexecutive Questionnaire, PRMQ Prospective Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, FSIQ Full scale IQ, NVIQ Non-verbal IQ, DCCS Dimensional Change Card Sort task, TMT Trail Making Task; WSCT Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, CARS Childhood Autism Rating Scale, ADOS-SC Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule social communication, ADOS-R Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule repetitive behaviour, N/A not applicable
*Significant p < .05
†Marginal significant p < .09; marginal and non-significant correlations are only included in the table if at least of moderate size (r ≥ .30)
aAltgassen et al. (2009)
bAltgassen et al. (2010)
cJones et al. (2011): FSIQ partialled out
dAltgassen et al. (2012)
eWilliams et al. (2013): ongoing task performance partialled out
fHenry et al. (2014)
gWilliams et al. (2014): ongoing task performance partialled out
hYi et al. (2014)
iSheppard et al. (2016)
No correlations were assessed in Altgassen et al. (2014), Brandimonte et al. (2011), and Kretschmer et al. (2014)