Table-1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study No | Country | Author | Year | Hosts | Method | Sample size | Positive (%) | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Burkina-Faso | Bamba et al. [36] | 2016 | Pig | MAT | 300 | 87 (29) | 8 |
| 2 | Ethiopia | Gebremedhin et al. [37] | 2015 | Chicken | MAT | 601 | 183 (30.50) | 9 |
| 3 | Egypt | Abdel-Hafeez et al. [38] | 2015 | Goat | IHAT | 100 | 64 (64) | 7 |
| 4 | Algeria | Dechicha et al. [39] | 2015 | Sheep, Goat, Cattle | IFAT | 714 | 59 (8.26) | 6 |
| 5 | Nigeria | Onyiche et al. [40] | 2015 | Cattle, Pig | ELISA | 512 | 117 (22.85) | 9 |
| 6 | Sudan | Elfahal et al. [41] | 2015 | Cattle | ELISA | 181 | 24 (13.30) | 6 |
| 7 | Ethiopia | Gebremedhin et al. [42] | 2015 | Pig | DAT | 402 | 129 (32.10) | 9 |
| 8 | Ethiopia | Hadush et al. [43] | 2015 | Camel | DAT | 384 | 262 (68.20) | 9 |
| 9 | Tunisia | Lahmar et al. [44] | 2015 | Sheep, Goat, Cattle | MAT | 261 | 82 (36.78) | 7 |
| 10 | South-Africa | Hammond-Aryee et al. [45] | 2015 | Sheep | ELISA | 292 | 23 (8.00) | 9 |
| 11 | Tunisia | Boughattas et al. [46] | 2014 | Chicken | MAT | 40 | 40 (100) | 8 |
| 12 | Nigeria | Ayinmode et al. [47] | 2014 | Chicken | MAT | 225 | 81 (40.40) | 9 |
| 13 | Senegal | Davoust et al. [48] | 2014 | Cattle, Goat, Horse, Sheep | MAT | 419 | 148 (35.33) | 8 |
| 14 | Ethiopia | Gebremedhin and Gizaw [49] | 2014 | Sheep, Goat | ELISA | 184 | 48 (26.08) | 9 |
| 15 | Ethiopia | Gebremedhin et al. [50] | 2014 | Sheep, Goat | DAT | 628 | 50 (17.62) | 9 |
| 16 | Sudan | Medani and Kamil [51] | 2014 | Cattle, Sheep | ELISA | 540 | 153 (28.33) | 7 |
| 17 | Somalia | Kadle [52] | 2014 | Camel | LAT | 64 | 4 (6.3) | 7 |
| 18 | Ethiopia | Gebremedhin et al. [53] | 2014 | Camel | DAT | 455 | 220 (49.62) | 9 |
| 19 | Ethiopia | Tilahun et al. [54] | 2013 | Chicken | MAT | 64 | 41 (64.00) | 9 |
| 20 | Egypt | Aboelhadid et al. [55] | 2013 | Chicken | MAT | 215 | 30 (13.95) | 8 |
| 21 | Ethiopia | Zwedu et al. [56] | 2013 | Goat | ELISA | 927 | 183 (19.70) | 9 |
| 22 | Tanzania | Swai and Kaaya [57] | 2013 | Goat | LAT | 337 | 65 (19.30) | 8 |
| 23 | South-Africa | Ndou et al. [58] | 2013 | Cattle | ELISA | 178 | 37 (20.8) | 8 |
| 24 | Nigeria | Ayinmode and Olaosebikan [59] | 2013 | Pig | ELISA | 100 | 25 (25) | 8 |
| 25 | Ethiopia | Gebremedhin et al. [60] | 2013 | Sheep | ELISA | 1130 | 357 (31.59) | 9 |
| 26 | Burkina-Faso | Bamba et al. [61] | 2013 | Sheep | MAT | 339 | 96 (28.3) | 8 |
| 27 | Libya | Al-Mabruk et al. [62] | 2013 | Sheep | LAT | 5806 | 4120 (71.00) | 9 |
| 28 | Tunisia | Gharbi et al. [63] | 2013 | Sheep | ELISA | 350 | 38 (10.85) | 8 |
| 29 | Egypt | Barakat et al. [64] | 2012 | Chicken | ELISA | 125 | 48 (38.40) | 8 |
| 30 | Madagascar | Rakotoharinome et al. [65] | 2012 | Pig | ELISA | 250 | 57 (22.80) | 8 |
| 31 | Tanzania | Swai and Schoonman [66] | 2012 | Cattle | LAT | 51 | 06 (12.80) | 6 |
| 32 | Sudan | Khalil and Abdel Gadir [67] | 2011 | Cattle, Camel, Sheep | LAT | 200 | 76 (38.00) | 7 |
| 33 | Tunisia | Boughattas and Bouratbine [68] | 2011 | Sheep | MAT | 158 | 28 (17.70) | 9 |
| 34 | Nigeria | Kamani et al. [69] | 2010 | Sheep, Goat | ELISA | 744 | 42 (5.45) | 8 |
| 35 | Egypt | Ibrahim et al. [70] | 2009 | Cattle | ELISA | 93 | 10 (10.75) | 5 |
| 36 | Ghana | Dubey et al., [71] | 2008 | Chicken | MAT | 85 | 40 (47.00) | 7 |
| 37 | Uganda | Lindstrom et al. [72] | 2008 | Chicken | MAT | 50 | 25 (50.00) | 8 |
| 38 | Egypt | Shapaan et al. [73] | 2008 | Sheep | MAT | 300 | 131 (43.70) | 7 |
| 39 | Ethiopia | Teshale and Dumaitre [74] | 2007 | Goat | MDAT | 641 | 480 (74.80) | 9 |
| 40 | South-Africa | Samra et al. [75] | 2007 | Sheep | ELISA | 600 | 26 (4.30) | 9 |
| 41 | Egypt | Dubey et al. [76] | 2003 | Chicken | MAT | 108 | 51 (47.20) | 8 |
| 42 | Egypt | Deyab and Hassanein [77] | 2005 | Chicken | MAT | 150 | 28 (18.1) | 9 |
| 43 | Zimbabwe | Hove et al. [78] | 2005 | Goat | IFAT | 312 | 214 (68.58) | 9 |
| 44 | Tanzania | Schoonman et al. [79] | 2010 | Cattle | LAT | 665 | 24 (3.60) | 8 |
| 45 | Zimbabwe | Hove et al. [80] | 2005 | Pig | IFAT | 238 | 47 (26.79) | 8 |
| 46 | Morocco | Sawadogo et al. [81] | 2005 | Sheep | ELISA | 261 | 72 (27.60) | 9 |
| 47 | Ethiopia | Negash and Tilahun [82] | 2004 | Sheep, Goat | MDAT | 174 | 79 (45.40) | 9 |
| 48 | RDC, Mali, Burkina-Faso and Kenya | Dubey et al. [83] | 2005 | Chicken | MAT | 80 | 29 (36.25) | 7 |
| 49 | Nigeria | Joshua and Akinwumi [84] | 2003 | Cattle | LAT | 586 | 99 (16.9) | 8 |
| 50 | Egypt | El-Massry et al. [85] | 2000 | Chicken | MAT | 150 | 28 (18.70) | 8 |
| 51 | Ghana | Van der Puije et al. [86] | 2000 | Sheep, Goat | ELISA | 1258 | 384 (30.52) | 10 |
| 52 | Uganda | Bisson et al. [87] | 2000 | Goat | ELISA | 784 | 240 (31.00) | 10 |
| 53 | Ghana | Arkoh Mensah et al. [88] | 2000 | Pig | ELISA | 641 | 260 (40.60) | 10 |
| 54 | Zimbabwe | Hove and Dubey [89] | 1999 | Pig | MAT | 97 | 9 (09.30) | 7 |
| 55 | Egypt | Hilali et al. [90] | 1998 | Camel | DAT | 166 | 29 (17.40) | 9 |
| 56 | Egypt | Hassanain and Elfadaly [91] | 1997 | Chicken | IHAT | 600 | 200 (33.33) | 7 |
| 57 | Burkina-Faso, Ivory-Coast, Djiboutia, Ethiopia, Niger, Senegal | Deconinck et al. [92] | 1996 | Sheep | IHAT | 1042 | 15 (23.00) | 6 |
| 58 | Cameroon | Achu-Kwi and Ekue [93] | 1994 | Sheep | LAT | 211 | 67 (31.80) | 7 |
| 59 | Egypt | El-Ghaysh and Mansour [94] | 1994 | Sheep | MAT | 102 | 50 (49.00) | 8 |
| 60 | Nigeria | Amin and Silsmore [95] | 1993 | Sheep, Goat | LAT | 465 | 37 (7.95) | 7 |
| 61 | Senegal | Pangui et al. [96] | 1993 | Sheep | IFAT | 190 | 88 (46.30) | 7 |
| 62 | Sudan | Elamin et al. [97] | 1992 | Camel | LAT | 482 | 323 (67.00) | 7 |
| 63 | Zimbabwe | Pandley and Van Knapen [98] | 1992 | Sheep | ELISA | 216 | 13 (06.00) | 10 |
| 64 | Niger | Weitzman and Stem [99] | 1991 | Sheep | LAT | 70 | 10 (14.00) | 8 |
| 65 | Ethiopia | Bekele and Kasali [100] | 1989 | Sheep, Goat, Cattle | IHAT | 2437 | 349 (14.32) | 8 |
| 66 | Nigeria | Aganga and Belino [101] | 1984 | Chicken | IHAT | 250 | 112 (44.80) | 7 |
| 67 | Nigeria | Falade [102] | 1978 | Goat | LAT | 751 | 23 (3.06) | 7 |
| 68 | Egypt | Rifaat et al. [103] | 1969 | Chicken | DAT | 85 | 17 (20.00) | 7 |
MAT: Modified agglutination test, DAT: Direct agglutination test, MDAT: Modified direct agglutination test, ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, LAT: Latex agglutination test, IFAT: Indirect fluorescent antibody test, IHAT: Indirect hemagglutination test