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. 2017 Mar 14;23(10):1758–1763. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i10.1758

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©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and inhibitors in clinical development[29]. Solid lines represent activating actions, and dotted lines represent inhibitory actions. 4EBP1: 4E-binding protein 1; PKB: Protein kinase B; ERK: Extracellular signal-related kinase; IRS1: Insulin receptor substrate 1; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC: mTOR complex; PDK1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; Rheb: Ras homolog enriched in brain; rpS6: Ribosomal protein S6; RTK: Receptor tyrosine kinase; S6K: Ribosomal S6 kinase; TSC1/2: Tuberous sclerosis protein.