Table 1.

Effect sizes comparing bone mass according to smoking status^a

Bone site	Current vs. nonsmokersb			Ever vs. never smokers			Current vs. never smokers
	d	95% CL	n	d	95% CL	n	d	95% CL	n
Combined	−0.10	−0.12, −0.08	52	−0.10	−0.14, −0.06	21	−0.13	−0.18, −0.08	13
Lumbar spine	−0.08	−0.12, −0.04	27	−0.03	−0.07, 0.01	12	−0.16	−0.27, −0.05	5
Forearm	−0.07	−0.09, −0.05	25	−0.07	−0.11, −0.03	8	−0.08	−0.14, −0.02	5
Os calcis	−0.13	−0.19, −0.07	8	−0.12	−0.18, −0.06	4	−0.12	−0.18, −0.06	3
Hip	−0.18	−0.24, −0.12	21	−0.13	−0.21, −0.05	10	−0.29	−0.43, −0.15	5

^aStudies of clinical samples with diseases affecting bone metabolism were excluded [16–24]

^bIncludes both never smokers and former smokers