Table 1.
Distribution of depressive patients according to their DSM-5 diagnoses
| EMD n=55 |
CMD n=20 |
DYS n=20 |
DD n=45 |
Statistics | Significance | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (n and %) | |||||||
| Female | 48 (87.3) | 14 (70.0) | 15 (75.0) | 36 (80.0) | x2=3.43 | p=.33 | Φc=.16 |
| Male | 7 (12.7) | 6 (30.0) | 5 (25.0) | 9 (20.0) | |||
| Age (Mean±SD) | 33.76±11.73 | 41.80±11.26 | 42.20±17.48 | 39.36±12.54 | x2=9.43 | p=.02 | |
| Educational attainment (Mean±SD) | 10.95±4.05 | 8.45±4.01 | 9.53±3.78 | 8.45±4.37 | x2=11.56 | p=.009 | |
| HDRS (Mean±SD) | 16.69±4.83 | 18.41±6.04 | 14.67±4.32 | 20.46±5.19 | x2=16.78 | p=.001 | |
| Symptomatology (n and %) | |||||||
| Depressed mood | 53 (96.4) | 20 (100.0) | 20 (100.0) | 45 (100.0) | x2=3.14 | p=.37 | Φc=.15 |
| Loss of appetite | 34 (61.8) | 7 (35.0) | 5 (25.0) | 16 (35.6) | x2=11.9 | p=.01 | Φc=.29 |
| Insomnia | 41 (74.5) | 14 (70.0) | 7 (35.0) | 29 (64.4) | x2=10.34 | p=.02 | Φc=.27 |
| Hypersomnia | 7 (12.7) | 4 (20.0) | 1 (5.0) | 10 (22.2) | x2=3.82 | p=.28 | Φc=.16 |
| Low energy level-fatigue | 51 (92.7) | 20 (100.0) | 16 (80.0) | 44 (97.8) | x2=8.89 | p=.03 | Φc=.25 |
| Low self-esteem | 40 (72.7) | 18 (90.0) | 13 (65.0) | 34 (75.6) | x2=3.63 | p=.3 | Φc=.16 |
| Impaired concentration/decision-making | 46 (83.6) | 18 (90.0) | 15 (75.0) | 39 (86.7) | x2=2.00 | p=.6 | Φc=.12 |
| Hopelessness | 37 (67.3) | 17 (85.0) | 15 (75.0) | 42 (93.3) | x2=10.86 | p=.01 | Φc=.28 |
| Pessimism | 37 (67.3) | 18 (90.0) | 15 (75.0) | 43 (95.6) | x2=14.28 | p=.003 | Φc=.31 |
| Helplessness | 37 (67.3) | 15 (75.0) | 14 (70.0) | 41 (91.1) | x2=8.42 | p=.04 | Φc=.25 |
| Feelings of worthlessness/guilt | 34 (61.8) | 16 (80.0) | 7 (35.0) | 37 (82.2) | x2=16.21 | p=.001 | Φc=.34 |
| Loss of Interest | 50 (90.9) | 19 (95.0) | 12 (60.0) | 41 (91.1) | x2=15.58 | p=.001 | Φc=.33 |
| Anhedonia | 51 (92.7) | 19 (95.0) | 13 (65.0) | 42 (93.3) | x2=14.46 | p=.002 | Φc=.32 |
| Social withdrawal | 44 (80.0) | 16 (80.0) | 15 (75.0) | 35 (75.8) | x2=.26 | p=.97 | Φc=.04 |
| Subjective irritability/anger | 46 (83.6) | 14 (70.0) | 14 (70.0) | 40 (88.9) | x2=5.29 | p=.15 | Φc=.19 |
| Guilt-remorse | 32 (58.2) | 11 (55.0) | 9 (45.0) | 27 (60.0) | x2=1.39 | p=.71 | Φc=.10 |
| Somatic complaints | 27 (49.1) | 13 (65.0) | 13 (65.0) | 35 (77.8) | x2=8.8 | p=.03 | Φc=.25 |
| Anxiety | 23 (41.8) | 14 (70.0) | 11 (55.0) | 35 (77.8) | x2=14.43 | p=.002 | Φc=.32 |
| Contemplating death or suicide | 13 (23.6) | 8 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (26.7) | x2=9.4 | p=.02 | Φc=.26 |
| Psychomotor agitation-retardation | 36 (65.5) | 17 (85.0) | 3 (15.0) | 31 (68.9) | x2=24.46 | p<0.001 | Φc=.42 |
| Comorbidity (n and %) | 17 (30.9) | 5 (25.0) | 15 (75.0) | 21 (46.7) | x2=14.53 | p=.002 | Φc= 0.32 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 5 (9.1) | 4 (20.0) | 7 (35.0) | 12 (26.7) | x2=8.15 | p=.04 | Φc=.24 |
| Suicidal behavior (n and %) | |||||||
| Suicidal thoughts | 38 (70.4) | 13 (65.0) | 7 (36.8) | 33 (75.0) | x2=9.30 | p=.03 | Φc=.26 |
| Suicidal attempts | 20 (37.0) | 5 (25.0) | 3 (15.8) | 23 (52.3) | x2=9.28 | p=.03 | Φc=.26 |
SD: standard deviation; EMD: episodic major depression; CMD: chronic major depression; DYS: dysthymia; DD: double depression